announcements bender guest lecture postponed till march 9 (final day) today: pidgins and creoles ...
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Announcements Bender guest lecture POSTPONED till
March 9 (final day) Today: Pidgins and Creoles Friday 3/2: Historical Lx 1 Monday 3/5: Historical Lx 2 Wednesday 3/7: Final Exam Discussion
and Review Friday 3/9: Computational Lx (Bender)
Language contact Situation in which groups of speakers of
different languages come into contact with one another, e.g., geography conquest trade
Language Contact--Outcomes
What happens when cultures with different languages come into contact?
A. Widespread bilingualism (usually with code-switching)B. Selection of a lingua franca: Any language used to enable communication between groups of people with differing native languages. (natural or constructed languages)
Two possible strategies:(1) Employ an already existing language
a. natural (e.g., Swahili, English)b. artificial (e.g., Esperanto)
(2) Form new language…
Terminology Adstrates: languages in contact that have equal
prestige Adstrate Adstrate English Norse
Superstrate: language of dominant group Lexifier language: the input language that provided most of
the basic vocabulary or lexicon. (aka "superstrate") Substrate: language of the less dominant or
subordinate group. Typically provides most of the phonological, and usually, grammatical features.
Superstrate Substrate English Native Am. Langs.
Pidgin One type of lingua franca. A language which arises to fulfill
restricted and ongoing needs for communication among people who have no common language.
Often arises when there is a long-term need to communicate (i.e., in trade/business)
e.g., Chinook Jargon Not the primary language of their speakers (i.e., learned as
2nd lang)
Structural features of a PIDGIN
x no strict word order single set of pronounsx no complex sentencesx no determinersx no grammatical genderx no inflectional morphology plurals: noun + 3rd person pronoun
Allows either word order:
Mi bammy eat. Mi eat bammy.“I eat the cassava.”
Creole A language that comes about by prolonged use and
nativization, usually arising when parents transmit a pidgin to their children, and the pidgin becomes the child's native language. This language undergoes rapid expansion because it must meet all the communicative needs of the native speaker.
Often arises from a pidgin that is adopted as first/native language
Structural differences: Ps vs. Cs
x tolerates extensive grammatical variation
single set of pronounsx complex sentencesx no determinersx no grammatical genderx no inflectional morphology
plurals: noun + 3rd person pronoun
strict word order single set of pronouns complex sentences determinersx no grammatical gender inflectional morphology plurals: noun + 3rd person pronoun
Pidgins Creoles
Jamaican Creole:only one word order is allowed:Mi a-go tel shi se mi waa nyam di bammy. 1sg FUT tell 3sg COMP 1sg want eat DET cassava. “I will tell her that I want to eat the cassava.”
Emergence of Pidgins and Creoles
PIDGIN CREOLEArises from: sudden accelerated
disruption language change
language contact parental (2 or more) transmission
need is long-term need is but restricted comprehensive
not a first language first language
Characteristics: no frills fully developed system
chaotic structure stablederivative 1 + 1 = 3??
How have Pidgins and Creoles Gotten their Names?
Chinese Pidgin English
Cameroon Pidgin English (Cameroon, W. Africa)Louisiana Creole French (Louisiana, USA)
Berbice Creole Dutch (Berbice County, Guyana) Nauru Chinese Pidgin English (Nauru, New Zealand)
Bombay Creole Portuguese (Maharastra, India)Jamaican Creole (Jamaica, West Indies)
Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea)Sranan (Suriname)
Afrikaans (South Africa)Samaná (Dominican Republic)
Bislama (Vanuatu) Kreyól (Haiti)
location type lexifier
Distribution of Lexifier Languages
Q: How many creole languages are there in the world?
A: ~100 (spoken natively by ~6 million people)
Q: What languages have combined to form the superstrate for creole languages in the world?
A:
English--35 African languages--17 French--15
Portuguese--14 Spanish--7 German--6
Amerindian--6 Dutch--5 Arabic--4
Italian--3 Russian--2
Jamaican Creole Sociolinguistics
dialects form a “post-creole continuum”:
basilect: A fi-mi buk dat.
mesolect 1: A mi buk dat.
mesolect 2: Is my book dat.
acrolect: That's my book.
A truu in a taak.
A trut shi taakin.
Is trut shi taakin.
She's telling the truth.phonology only
phonology, morphology,lexicon, and syntax
A = Copula verb “to be”
Continuum examples
Check out the real situation
Nation war against nation
Where did it all begin
Where will it end
Well it seems like total destruction
No real solution
And there ain’t no use
No one can stop them now
There ain’t no use
Nobody can stop us now
Give them an inch...
Slam bam, tank yu maam
Cab, an a di nuu yut-dem a demand a gran slam
Stitchie and di girl-dem cab service
Girl pickni bruok out ina dis
Listen dis, Hiir mi nuo, come
Mi cab a-come, sii mi cab a-come bwai
Han go dung a mek i cab slow dung
Mi cab a-come, sii mi cab a-come close
An di cyab-man hafi draw dung
Drive mi guud ya, man
How yu a drive mi so long…
Bob Marley, “Real Situation” Lieutenant Stitchie, “The Cab”
Continuum examples
Bob Marley, “Real Situation”
Check out the real situation
Nation warø against nation
Where did it all begin
Where will it end
Well it seems like total destruction
No real solution
And there ain’t no use
No one can stop them now
There ain’t no use
Nobody can stop us now
Give them an inch...
Lieutenant Stitchie, “The Cab”
Slam bam, tank yu maam
Cab, an a di nuu yut-dem a demand a gran slam
Stitchie and di girl-dem cab service
Girl pickni bruok out ina dis
Listen dis, Hiir mi nuo, come
Mi cab a-come, sii mi cab a-come bwai
Han go dung a mek i cab slow dung
Mi cab a-come, sii mi cab a-come close
An di cyab-man hafi draw dung
Drive mi guud ya, man
How yu a drive mi so long…
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