anthropometry meghan hunt erskine college dead men do tell tales j-term 2006
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Anthropometry
Meghan HuntErskine College
Dead Men Do Tell Tales
J-Term 2006
What is Anthropometry?
Greek Anthro- : man -pometry: measurements Literal meaning: “measurement of humans”
The study of measurements or proportions of the human body according to sex, age, etc. for identification purposes Dimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose
(fat) tissues
History of Anthropometry
1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human body
1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified “Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French
police 1887: introduced in the United States by
Major McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet.
History of Anthropometry
1888: Francis Galton starts research on “Finger Prints” to further anthropometry
1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger Prints 1894: England adopted the system. 1903: Will West & William West
Galton’s Discovery because of Anthropometry?
“My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric method of Bertillon, then newly introduced into the prison administration of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague knowledge of the value sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and how much there remained to do, before establishing their theoretical value and practical utility.
Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others.”
Excerpt from Galton’s Finger Prints
Applications of Anthropometry Identification of repeated criminals
Cesare Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology (1895): “murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards”.
Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristics
Prevention of impersonation Differentiation between the races
Eugenics in Europe Aryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population
Policy and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and non-Aryans on the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical features, “craniometric” certification, required by law. The consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death camps
Intelligence tests became associated with Anthropometry
Debate over Anthropometry
General Problems with Anthropometry: Cost and error of the instruments used Education needed to be able to take the
measurements Error in calculation and measurements slow
Will West Case
Body Identification using Anthropometry Bertillon used 5 basic measurements:
head length head breadth length of middle finger Length of left foot length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger
Today that list is more extensive: Gender Height Weight Age Bicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow
circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name a few…there are currently 107 measurements
Anthropometric Measuring ToolsS
lidin
g C
alip
ers:
larg
e an
d sm
all
Tape
Spr
eadi
ng C
alip
er
Anthropometer
Medical scale
Anthropometric Measuring Techniques Weight Stature Posture:
Standing Frankfort Sitting
Arm Span Head Length Head Breadth Ear-to-Head Height Nasal Length Nasal Breadth Skeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature Cephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head Length Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal Length Span/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ Stature Cranial Capacity
Anthropometric Measuring Techniques
Bas
ic C
hart
of
Wha
t is
Mea
sure
d
Bas
ic A
reas
of
Whe
re
to M
easu
re
Basic Anthropometric Measuring Examples
Anthropometric Measurements
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Category
Mea
sure
men
t (i
n c
m)
Male 1
Male 2
Male 3
Male 4
Male 5
Male 6
Female 1
Female 2
Female 3
Female 4
Female 5
Female 6
Basic Anthropometric Measuring Examples
Anthropometric Measurements (cont.)
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
21 22 23
Category
Mea
sure
men
ts (
in c
m)
Male 1
Male 2
Male 3
Male 4
Male 5
Male 6
Female 1
Female 2
Female 3
Female 4
Female 5
Female 6
Anthropometry Today
Biometrics Nutrition and wellness
Weight Training Ergonomics
dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.
Everyday life Evolutionary Significance
Changes in humans overtime Monitor growth in children
Cranial Anthropometry
Biometrics
the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics
Verification vs. identification Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves
confirming or denying a person's claimed identity
Identification: Who am I?
Biometrics Applications
Forensics: criminal identification and prison security
Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks
Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignition
Border control and national ID cards
Biometrics Programs
Fingerprint Identification Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand
for authenticating a user's identity Face Location: an arbitrary black and white,
still image, find the location and size of every human face
Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification
Biometrics in Use
BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry
INSPASS: Hand Geometry
FacePass: Face Verification
Grocery Store Payment: Fingerprint US- Visit Program
Heathrow Airport- Iris
Cranial Anthropometry
Also known as Craniometry measurement of the skull and face 3 ways to categorize the skull
dolichocephalic: long and thin brachycephalic: short and broad mesocephalic: intermediate length and
breadth
Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones
en (endocanthion)
eu (eurion)
ex (exocanthion)
ft (frontotemporale)
fz (frontozygomaticus)
g (glabella)
gn (gnathion)
obi (otobasion inferius)
op (opisthocranion)
po (porion)
Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones (cont.)
n (nasion)
sn (subnasale)
t (tragion)
tr (trichion)
v (vertex)
zy (zygion)
Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones
Maximal cranial breadth
Maximal cranial length
3- D Anthropometry
3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populations
Programs: Cyberware
DigiSize CySlice Ear Impression 3-D Scanner
SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software.
CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65
Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.
Future Endeavors of Anthropometry?
Questions?This concludes the study
of Anthropometry. Thank you for your
time!
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