antimicrobial activity of polymeric surfactants blending
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*Corresponding author e-mail: chem_ahmedadawy@yahoo.ca, Orcid Id: orcid.org/0000-0002-1315-336X
Receive Date: 07 May 2021, Revise Date: 18 June 2021, Accept Date: 29 June 2021
DOI: 10.21608/EJCHEM.2021.75608.3707
©2021 National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC)
Egypt. J. Chem. Vol. 64, No. 12 pp. 6921 - 6934 (2021)
Antimicrobial Activity of Polymeric Surfactants Blending With Zinc
Oxide Nanoparticles Derived From Electric Arc Furnace Dust
Ahmed I. Adawy,1* Ramadan M. Soliman,2 Abdelghaffar S. Dhmees,3 and Zizi I.
Abdeen4
1 Petrochemical Department, 2 Process Development Department, 3 Analysis & Evaluation Department, 4Polymers Laboratory, Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City,
Cairo,11727, Egypt.
Abstract
The biological activities of poly (ethylene glycols) (PEG) that esterified with lauric acid or myristic acid were enhanced by
mixing with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) derived as of hazardous trash "Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD)" which
formed through steel fabrication using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A diverse temperature was applied to characterize and
examine the prepared polymeric surfactants those possess characteristics of surfactant and polymer together. The surface
properties were measured and worked out. The hydrodynamic particle diameter normally maximized as the surfactant carbon
numbers increased and at blending with ZnO-NPs as exhibited in the dynamic light scattering (DLS) statistics due to
aggregation of molecules. The antimicrobial action against different microorganisms of all such designed structures was
assessed and assigned. The results plain that, all such engineered nonionic polymeric surfactants possess good surface criteria
and biological activity and blending them with ZnO-NPs to obtain polymeric surfactant nanocomposites for enhancing their
biological activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staph. aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa
and E. coli), yeast (Candida albicans) and microalga (Chlorella Vulgaris). Keywords: Zinc oxide nanoparticles; Esterification; Biological Activities; Surface properties; Polymeric surfactants; Nanocomposites
1. Introduction
Surfactants are distinguished by having exclusive
chemical structure, that causes them extremely
significant in a variety of sectors, both industrial and
scientific, and they have stimulated the interest of
researchers. The surfactant is an organic molecule
that consists of two distinct polarities linked with
each other; one portion is greatly polar and is known
as the hydrophilic head, whereas the other is
recognized for its strong hydrophobicity and is
known as the hydrophobic tail[1, 2]. Surfactants are
distinguished by their capacity to decrease surface
tension between two distinct phases, one of which is
liquid.
Surfactants have a distinctive structure that allows
them to aggregate in micelles and/or adsorb at system
interfaces for system stability, giving them an
essential position in a wide range of vital applications
like generating microemulsions., detergent, pharma-
ceutical applications, emulsion polymerization,
corrosion inhibitors, nanotechnology, drug delivery,
emulsifier, enhancing oil recovery & biocide[3, 4].
Nonionic surfactants are thought to be one of the
greatest environmentally friendly between the other
forms of surface active agents[5]. Charged
surfactants comprising cationic, anionic, zwitterionic
and amphoteric possess risky environmental
effect[6]. Surfactants, in specifically, could be
employed as antimicrobial operators owing to their
molecular structure and ability to engage with
biological films[7]. Surfactant functions have
expanded over the years to the sector of
nanotechnology, wherever they are employed as
potent agents for the production and customization of
nanoparticles (NPs)[8]. The nanoparticles and
surfactants combining together at the interfaces that
generate a significant area of study particularly in the
technology of enhancement the constancy of foams
and emulsions[9]. The combination of nanoparticles
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Egypt. J. Chem. 64, No. 12 (2021)
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and surfactants would have a combined impact on
biological networks as well as the environment.
The most important obstacle for using dry solid
nanoparticles in different applications is its dispersion
in liquid media. Nanofluids are colloidal suspensions
of nanoparticles in stabilizing matrices that have
gained popularity due to their numerous applications
in many sectors[10]. Many researches are being
conducted on the creation of dispersed metal oxides
in various stabilizing media for the stability of
nanoparticles on the one hand, and integrating the
chemical and physical characteristics of their
constituent materials on the other[11]. Similarly,
hybrid materials composed of one or more
nanoparticles dispersed in a base fluid offer
numerous benefits over un-dispersed nanoparticles
due to their synergistic impact. Polymers are an
attractive substitute for the stability of metal oxide
nanoparticles. Nanomaterials are able to be dispersed
in a polymer matrix or chemically linked to it to
produce a metal complex. Surfactants are also
employed to stabilize nanoparticles since they may
reduce the surface tension of fluids that maximize the
immersion of the nanoparticles. Many literatures
have been conducted on the function of surfactants in
the stability of nanoparticles, with the benefit of
avoiding rapid sedimentation[12,13].
The antimicrobial effectiveness of ZnO-NPs has
currently been received a lot of attention[14]. Zinc is
an essential nonferrous metal that is used in a variety
of functions like batteries, solder, dielectric materials,
and piezoelectric materials. Valorization of waste
materials and industrial by-product such as, black
liquor, iron/ steel making slag and dust to value-add
chemicals[15] adsorbents[16], nanomaterials[17]
catalysts[18] and anticorrosion[19] became a new
trend due to the economics of biological and
chemical processes. Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD)
one of the most produced waste in steel industries.
Where each one ton of steel produced about 20 kg of
EAFD[17] EAFD composed mainly from Fe2O3, ZnO
and ZnFe2O4 oxides.
In our work, nanostructure of non-ionic polymeric
surfactants were designed through esterified of poly
(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lauric acid or myristic
acid and their biological activities were improved
through blending them with ZnO-NPs. Also, the aim
of this present work is to recover zinc from spent
electric arc furnace dust by means of sodium
hydroxide alkali leaching and synthesis of ZnO-NPs.
These nanostructure compounds were characterized
by investigating their surface activities and structures.
As well, the length of the field of hindrance technique
in opposition to diverse microbes is used to evaluate
and determine their biological activity.
2. Experimental Technique: 2.1. Materials:
The materials utilized right now had
uncontaminated degree from Aldrich and utilized
without extra filtration. The solvents utilized were of
unpolluted class. Electric Arc Furnace Dust was
purchased from El-EZZ company for Steel industries
(El-Ain El-Sokhna, Suez). XRF analysis shows the
mainly composition as follow ( 64.6% Fe2O3, 18.1%
ZnO,10.5% CaO, 5.7% SiO2, 1.1% traces).
2.2. Designing of Nonionic surfactants [20]:
Polyethylene glycol 0.1 mole, Mw =600 was
esterified by equimloar of saturated fatty acids (lauric
acid and myristic acid) in xylene (150 mL) like a
solvent. A 0.01% p‑toluene sulphonic acid joined in
the reaction blend like a catalyst. The reaction
progressed under warming state (140 oC) awaiting the
azeotropic quantity of water (0.1 mol, 1.8 mL
collected. After that the solvent was withdrawn
utilizing vacuum rotary evaporator. The catalyst was
collected from the blend utilizing petroleum ether.
Later consequent filtration was finished through
methods of vacuum distillation to evacuate the
remainder and lasting substances. The prepared esters
were labeled as (Ia) and (IIa), for laurate and
myristate in that order, Scheme (1).
Scheme (1).
2.3. Zinc Oxide extraction from EAFD:
Zn was extracted from EAF dust sample by two
integrated steps: EAF dust fusion with solid NaOH
and then leaching, according to Youcai process [21]
with some modification. Firstly, Fusion of EAF dust
was done at 400C for 1 h using a mass fraction of
dust/NaOH (1:1). Then, a 5 mol L-1 NaOH solution
was used to leach Zn from fused EAF dust. The
leaching process takes 5h with stirring and reflux at
100oC. Where the ZnO with alkali leaching convert
to Na2Zn(OH)4 solution. According to Mehmet [22]
the precipitation of Zn from the dissolved form was
achieved with 5 M HCl (hydrochloric acid) solution
under vigorous stirring at 60oC at pH12.5 as shows
in the equation:
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Egypt. J. Chem. 64, No. 12 (2021)
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Zn(OH)42- + 2HCl → Zn(OH)2 + 2Cl- + 2H2O
The obtained Zn(OH)2 was cleaned a lot by distilled
water and ethanol before drying in 100oC overnight.
2.4. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle:
3 g of the extracted Zinc Oxide derived from
EAFD was dissolved in 90 mL nitric acid 1 M at
100oC for form zinc nitrates Zn(NO3)2 before adding
10 mL of Ethylene glycol. The mixture was stirred
for 30 minute. Then, 0.1 g of over the mixture
polyvinyl alcohol PVA was added to prevent
nanoparticles agglomeration. Then a solution of
NaOH 1 mol L-1 in ethylene glycol inserted dropwise
inside a previous prepared solution (Zn(NO3)2, EG
and PVA) till pH 10 to full synthesis of zinc
hydroxide Zn(OH)2. After that, the colloidal solution
warmed during reflux at 120 °C for 3 h. The obtained
zinc oxide nanoparticles ZnO-NPs was centrifuged
for 15 min at 6,000 rpm then cleaned several times by
ethyl alcohol. The hard substance was calcined at
500oC for 4h for further characterization. However,
the following equations summarized the overall
chemical reaction for ZnO nanoparticles preparation
by using NaOH:
Zn(NO3)2(s) + 2NaOH(s) Zn(OH)2(s) + NaNO3(L)
Step
1 Zinc
Nitrate
Sodium
Hydroxide
Zinc
Hydroxide
Sodium
Nitrate
Zn(OH)2(s) ZnO(s) + H2O(L)
Zinc
Hydroxide
Zinc
Oxide
Step 2
2.5. Preparation of the nanocomposite of non-ionic
polymeric surfactants with ZnO nanoparticles:
The emulsion of nanoparticles (20 mL) merged
with 5 mL saturated solution of designed nonionic
surfactants (Ia, IIa) (0.01 mol) in distilled water. The
mix was kept blending for 24 h until the color
changes to shape surfactant nanostructures which
marked as Ib and IIb [20, 23].
2.6. Structural verification of the synthesized
surfactants:
The chemical structure of the designed nonionic
surfactants was characterized through: FTIR spectra
were developed utilizing ATI Mattsonm Infinity
seriesTM, Bench top 961 drove by Win FirstTM V2.01
software. (Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute).
Also, the crystal structure of the designed materials
was verified utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) using
ANalytical XPERT PRO MPD, Netherland. The
angle range (2θ = 4-80º) scanned using a nickel-
filtered Cu Kα radiation source with wave length of
0.154 nm). Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic
(EDX) technique is used to detect the components of
the NPs ZnO with an EDX detector (Oxford
LINKISIS 300) outfitted on Environmental scanning
electron microscope (ESEM, Philips type model
XL30).
The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and
Average pore diameter was estimated with N2
adsorption-desorption isotherms that were achieved
with Quantachrome Nova 3200 instrument (USA).
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) compute the
hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of the
similar solution that utilized in EDX. It was
characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS)
utilizing a Malvern Zetasizer Nano (Malvern
Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). Every DLS
estimation was operated in triplicate utilizing
computerized, best computing time and laser
attenuation settings. The registered correlation
functions and computed particles mobility’s were
changed to size distributions and zeta potentials, in
that order, utilizing the Malvern Dispersion Software.
Scheme 2
2.7. Evaluation method of surface active properties:
The tension-active characteristics of the four
designed structures were estimated by survey their
attitude in aqueous solutions.
2.7.1. Surface tension:
The surface tension of the designed nonionic
polymeric surfactants and their nanostructures (Ia,
IIa, Ib, and IIb) was set utilizing Du-Nouy
Tensiometer (Kruss type 6) at several concentrations
scoping from 4 × 10–2 to 1.9 × 10–5 M/L at diverse
temperatures 35, 45, 55, 65oC drove by a thermostatic
water bath.
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2.7.2. Surface criteria of the designed nonionic
surfactants:
a) Critical micelle concentration (CMC): Assign of the critical micelle concentration of the
designed surfactants were settled utilizing surface
tension strategy. Outcomes of the surface tension
estimations were plotted in opposition to the
matching concentrations. The break with vary in the
SC charts representing the CMC fixations.
b) Effectiveness (π CMC):
πCMC is the variance involving the surface tension
of the pure water (γo) and the surface tension of the
surfactant solution (γ) at the critical micelle
concentration.
πCMC = γo – γCMC
c) Efficiency (Pc20):
Efficiency (Pc20) is defined by the concentration
(mol/liter) of the surfactant solutions able toward put
down the surface tension by 20 dyne/cm.
d) Maximum surface excess Γmax:
The outcomes of the maximum surface excess Γmax
estimated from surface or interfacial information
through applying of Gibbs equation [24].
Γmax = - 1 / 2.303 RT ( δ γ / δ log C) T
Where
Γmax maximum surface excess in mole/cm2
R universal gas constant 8.31 x 107 ergs mole-1 K-1
T absolute temperature (273.2 + oC)
δ γ surface pressure in dyne/cm
C surfactant concentration
(δγ/ δ log C)T is the slope of a plot surface
tension vs. –log concentration charts under CMC in
fixed temperature.
e) Minimum surface area (A min):
The zone for every particle at the interface permits
input about the level of pressing and the course of the
adsorbed surfactant particle. The mean zone (in
square angstrom) required for every one particle
adsorbed on the interface [25] is known through:
Amin= 1016 / Γmax N
Amin Minimum surface area in °A2
Γmax Maximum surface excess in mole / cm2
N Avogadro’s number 6.023 x 1023
f) Thermodynamic criteria of micellization and
adsorption:
The thermodynamic criteria of adsorption and
micellization of the designed nonionic surfactants and
their nanostructures were estimated through Gibb's
adsorption equations as follows:
ΔGOmic = RT ln (CMC)
ΔGOads = ΔGO
mic – 6.023 X10 -1 X πCMC X Amin
ΔSmic = - d (ΔGOmic / ΔT)
ΔSads = - d (ΔGOads / ΔT)
ΔHmic = ΔGOmic + T ΔSmic
ΔHads = ΔGOads + T ΔSads
2.8. Antimicrobial activity:
The bacteria, Escherichia coli ATCC 23282;
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145; Bacillus
subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 35556 were pre- cultured in Luria Bertani
(LB) broth. The medium was incubated during the
night at 37 °C in rotating shaker incubator.. The
media was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm in 5 minutes.
The sample was submerged in purified water, and the
turbidity was matched to 0.5 McFarland levels to
guarantee that the formulation was up to 108 cfu/mL.
The yeast Candida albicans IMRU 3669 was pre-
cultured in yeast malt agar medium for 3 days[26].
Then, the yeast malt agar plates were inoculated with
500 µl of the yeast suspension and left for incubation
for 3 days at30 oC (± 1). The alga strain Chlorella
vulgaris was grown on BG11 medium according to
Rippka et al., (1979),where 100 mL of BG11 broth
medium in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask was
inoculated with the algal cells (OD750 0.1-0.2) and
incubated at 26oC (± 1) with shaking at 150 rpm
under continuous illumination (2000 LUX) for 3
days. Then, the BG11 agar plates were inoculated
with 500 µl of the algal suspension and left for
incubation for 3 days at 26oC (± 1).
2.8.1. Germicidal assay:
The germicidal action of the designed polymeric
surfactants was tested utilizing dosage equivalent to 5
mg/ml utilizing agar well-diffusion method [27].
Prior to that, by using sterile cotton swab, all of
bacteria, yeasts and algal suspension were spread
evenly onto the LB, yeast malt and BG11 agar plates,
respectively. Then, using a 10-mm cork borer, 4
wells were made on the agar plates and 100 µl of the
synthesized polymeric surfactants were added into
the wells. The positive control for the bacteria was
Erythromycin and for yeast and algae was
tetracycline. The negative control for all
microorganisms was Dimethyl formamid (DMF). The
plates incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours (bacteria) and
28 °C for 72 hours for yeast and algae, respectively.
The diameter of inhibition zone was assigned in mm.
when utilizing the designed polymeric surfactants.
3. Results and Discussion:
3.1. Structural Characterizations:
FTIR:
FTIR peaks of each the prepared non ionic laurate
polyethylene glycol (Ia) & their nanocomposites (Ib)
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and myristate polyethylene glycol (IIa), & their
nanocomposites (IIb) are similar with a small shift
which verify the molecules of the surfactant were
accumulated onto the nanoparticles. Figure1a,b was
clear that a number of absorption bands such as, the
broad bands around 3397 cm-1, is related to the O-H
stretching of un-esterified carboxylic acid groups (-
COOH) like mentioned by Kooter et al. [20, 28],
whereas the bands at 2920-2730 cm-1 is due to
stretching asymmetric and symmetric vibrations of C-
H in that order in aliphatic like mentioned by Hong et
al. [20, 29]. The presence of peaks at 2069- 1938 cm-1
is related to overtone, whereas the absorption bands
at 1627-1536 cm-1 are due to C=C, the bending bands
of CH2 around 1457-1456 cm-1 and a number of
medium bands in the region 1400–1200 cm−1 was
given to the C-H bending and wagging modes, and
O–H bending mode. The peaks with strong intensity
at 1088-1038 cm−1 were related to the C–O bond
stretching mode. The band at 2739 cm−1 was
endorsed to the C–H aliphatic chain stretching mode
of the fatty acids. The extreme IR bands at 1728 cm−1
and 1248 cm−1 assigned to stretching mode of C=O
and C-O in that order, of non ionic laurate
polyethylene glycol (Ia) & their nanocomposites (Ib)
and myristate polyethylene glycol (IIa), & their
nanocomposites (IIb) [20].
As shown in the Figure1a,b the FTIR spectra of C12 &
C14 with ZnO-NPs (Ib and IIb), the bands were
clearly moved to smaller wave numbers with larger
value; where, the broad bands around 3397 cm-1&
3499 cm−1 respectively, is related to the O-H
stretching of un-esterified carboxylic acid groups
(-COOH) were obviously travelled to smaller wave
numbers of 3390 cm−1 & 3407 cm−1 respectively, this
suggests that such groups have a close interaction
with ZnO nanoparticles.
XRD:
X-ray diffraction models of ZnO- EAFD and ZnO-
EAFD nanoparticles displayed in Figure2a.
The outcomes illustrate that the ZnO-EAFD
nanoparticles model shows superior crystallinity,
superior intensity and lesser peak width compared
with that of the ZnO-EAFD model.
XRD peaks of ZnO-EAFD and ZnO-EAFD
nanoparticles appeared at 2θ ~31.67◦, 34.31◦, 36.14◦,
47.40◦, 56.52◦, 62.73◦, 66.28◦, 67.91◦, 69.03◦, 72.48◦
and 76.96◦ were assigned to (100), (002), (101),
(102), (110), (103), (200), (112), (201), (004) and
(202) of ZnO (Reference Code: 03-065-3411). The
peaks of ZnO-EAFD nanoparticles denoted the
nanocrystalline existence and corresponded to the
clean ZnO regular peaks[30].
XRD examination approved the less/clean of the
synthesized ZnO like there would not be another
characteristic unclean peaks.Scherrer’s formula
utilized to compute crystalline dimension of prepared
ZnO-EAFD nanoparticles.
D = Kλ/β COS θ
Typically the particle size symbolize as D,
Scherer’s (0.94) constant symbolize as K, Bragg’s
equation (2dsinθ = nλ), Wavelength symbolize as be
λ, FWHM symbolize as β, and the diffraction angle
is symbolized as θ. The crystallite dimensions
determined of ZnO-EAFD nanoparticles from
Scherrer’s formula was in the range of 20 nm, which
will be compared with dynamic light scattering
particle size measurement.
Figure2b,c of XRD patterns demonstrating the (Ib&
IIb) respectively, amorphous nature is greater than
ever and resulting in decreasing the crystallinity of
ZnO-NPs, wherever the peaks of amorphous
diffraction around 2θ =21.31°&2θ =22.30°
respectively, are representing the intercalated ZnO-
NPs into the surfactant molecules and demonstrates
the successful blending.
5001000150020002500300035004000
Tran
smitt
ance
(a.u
.)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Ia
Ib
Figure (1a): FTIR of Esterified PEG with Lauric acid ( Ia), and its nanocomposit (Ib)
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Egypt. J. Chem. 64, No. 12 (2021)
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5001000150020002500300035004000
Tran
cmitt
ance
(a.u.)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
IIa
IIb
Figure (1b): FTIR of Esterified PEG with Myristic acid (IIa), and its nanocomposite (IIb)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Intensit
y (a.u.)
2θ (degree)
ZnO-EAFD
NPs ZnO-EAFD
Fig. (2a): XRD of ZnO-EAFD and NPs ZnO-EAFD
Position [°2θ] (Copper (Cu))
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Counts
0
100
200
300
400
X-2020-373 (C)
Fig. (2b): XRD of nanocomposite (Ib)
Position [°2θ] (Copper (Cu))
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Counts
0
100
200
X-2020-374 (D)
Fig. (2c): XRD of nanocomposite (IIb)
EDAX:
EDAX was used to investigate the chemical profile
of ZnO-EAFD NPs. The EDX spectrum of ZnO-
EAFD NPs is displayed in Figure 3, which shows
four distinct peaks that can be categorized as zinc and
oxygen. On the other hands, there are two smaller
peaks for nickel and calcium, which may be due to
the presence of impurities. As a result, it can be
concluded that pure ZnO nanoparticles can be
synthesized from EAFD.
BET:
The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and
Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution
plot of the ZnO- EAFD nanoparticles are shown in
Figure 4. The isotherm is capable of classified as a
category IV isotherm with a category H4 hysteresis
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Egypt. J. Chem. 64, No. 12 (2021)
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loop in the P/P0 range of 0.4-0.9, according to the
IUPAC classification. The BJH distribution plot
displayed in inset of Figure 6 appears the presence of
an initial pore size distribution peak focused at ~3.66
nm and a minor distribution peak focused at 6.67 nm.
All such outcomes point toward the mesoporous kind
of the engineered ZnO- EAFD nanoparticles. The
BET surface area of the ZnO-EAFD nanoparticles is
measured to be 58.9 m2 /g.
Fig. (3): EDAX of NPs ZnO-EAFD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Adso
rbed V
olume
(cm3 /g)
Relative Pressure (P/Po)
Adsorption
Desorption
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 5 10 15
dV/dD
(cm3 /g)
Pore Size (nm)
Fig. (4): BET and pore size of NPs.ZnO-EAFD
DLS Analysis:
It showed that the diameter calculated in DLS
method points to how a particle can distribute inside
a medium; thus, it points to a hydrodynamic
diameter. Depending on the outcomes of dynamic
light scattering studies, it is discovered that each
polymeric surfactant solution and its composites have
only one peak like displayed in Figure 5b-e.
Obviously the polymeric surfactants in aqueous
solutions possess in common a powerful ability to
accumulate and shape large agglomerates when
increase the number of surfactant carbon, Fig.5b,c
respectively, and as blending them with ZnO NPs,
Fig.5d,e respectively. It may be interpreted by a
greater level of complexity of particles as a result of
particles conformational modification in solution.
3.2. Tensiometric parameters:
The designed nonionic polymeric surfactants and
their nanostructures Ia, IIa, Ib and IIb were assessed
as surface active agents by estimate the surface
tension of their aqueous solutions at variety of
temperatures 35, 45, 55 and 65 oC utilizing a surface
tension system and the outcomes are depicted in
Figure 6. It is well known that a considerable drop of
the surface tension occurred with growing the
concentration of the designed surfactants which
explained on the basis of movement of the surfactant
particles from the bulk of the solution pointed to the
interface [31].
Particularly, the hydrophobicity of the investigated
designed structures has a significant impact on the
surface tension fall of the surfactants at the equivalent
concentration. Therefore, the structure IIa that
comprise a taller hydrophobic chain and its
nanostructure IIb demonstrate a worse reduction in
the surface tension comparing with structure Ia and
its nanostructure Ib, as a result of a great trend of the
more hydrophobic structure to adsorption at the
air/water interface, due to maximize the
hydrophobicity exhibit more disagreement among the
polar system and the hydrophobic chains because the
variation in their polarity. The self-assembly of the
designed surfactants on the surface of the zinc oxide
nanoparticles stabilizes their nano size which avoids
their aggregation as a result of the generation of nano
shells with the surfactants and the aggregation
reduced significantly as the alkyl chain length
growing due to rise the space among the generated
nanostructures. In addition, there is a drop in the
surface tension as the temperatures growing from 30
to 60 oC, as a result of dehydration of hydrophilic
parts that cause diminish of the solubility of
surfactants to collect in the surface.
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Fig. (5a): DLS of ZnO-NPs
Fig. (5b): DLS of esterified PEG (Ia)
Fig. (5c): DLS of esterified PEG (IIa)
Fig. (5d): DLS of nanocomposite (Ib)
Fig. (5e): DLS of nanocomposite (IIb)
Fig. (6): Surface tension vs. log concentration of
synthesized polymeric surfactants and their nano-
structures at: (a) 35 oC, (b) 45 oC, (c) 55 oC, (d) 65 oC.
The surface tension outcomes of the nanostructures
of the designed surfactants with ZnO nanoparticles
exhibited lower values comparing with the individual
surfactants that indicates the grow in the solubility of
the designed structure after assembling on metal
nanoparticles and the greatest lessening of surface
tension achieved by the nanostructure of the
synthesized myristate surfactant (IIb) than other
designed structures.
The scores of the CMC for the designed surfactants
were assigned at several temperatures 35, 45, 55 and
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65oC. Interception of the pre-and post-micellar
patterns at the breakpoints of two straight lines
matched to the concentration range marked by a
linear decrease in surface tension (γ) and to the near-
constant surface tension concentration region;
Table 1.The estimation of CMC is known to be a
critical factor since nearly all of the physical and
chemical characteristics of the surfactant solutions
express sudden variety at this concentration. It is
clear that the CMC results illustrate a reduction in the
CMC by a raise in the extent of the hydrophobic
chains; however, growing the hydrophobic
component reduces the solubility contributing to the
buildup of the surfactant particles on the surface and
to the development of micelles.
In the other side, when the temperature increment, the
CMC minimizes, this is because the reduction in the
hydration of the hydrophilic moieties, that
strengthens the micellization. In the opposite, there is
a disarrangement of the normal water molecules
bordering the hydrophobic moieties as the
temperature rises and the micillization is unloved. As
seen in table (3), the CMC results diminished as
temperatures maximized, i.e. enhance in micellization
occurred. CMC results also indicate the potential of
the formulated surfactant and its nanocomposites to
dissolve in water. The minimum CMC scores were
observed for nanocomposites that show an
improvement in the solubility of the designed
surfactant after assembly on ZnO nanoparticles [32].
The surface tension of the surfactant solution at the
CMC assign the effectiveness thus, growing the
hydrophobicity of the designed surfactants raises the
reduction of the surface tension at the interface,
whereas the efficiency (PC20) i.e the concentration of
surfactant necessary to obtain a 20 mN m-1
depression
in surface tension, is minimized. At such a level, the
concentration of the surfactant is near to the
minimum concentration required to achieve the
optimum adsorption at the interface. The maximum
surface excess, Γmax, is considered a significant
feature to screen the surface action of the designed
surfactant particles at the interface that might be
assessed by utilizing the Gibbs adsorption isotherm,
by growing the hydrophobicity; the scores of
maximum surface excess at the interface are raised
representing advanced surface concentration due to
rise the trend of adsorption of surfactant particles
because growing the hydrophobic character of the
particles.
The minimum surface area scores engaged with the
designed nonionic surfactants and their nano-
structures at the interface, Amin, (nm2), when the
surface adsorption was fully busy, by considering the
minimum surface area (Amin) a main data concerning
the orientation mode of the surfactant particles at the
interface may be achieved. Growing the number of
adsorbed particles at the interface cause develop the
scores of the maximum surface excess, therefore the
zone accessible for each particle might diminish.
Consequence a thick compacting film of surfactant
particles are created at the interface.
The scores of CMC, πCMC, PC20, Γmax and Amin existed
in table 1. In a few words, it is obviously revealed
that compound IIb accomplished the specified results
of the surface tension at a minor concentration as
matched with other designed structures. Accordingly,
it can be understood that compound IIb is extra
tensio-active than compounds Ia, Ib and IIa and
informative much better surface properties.
3.3. Thermodynamic of micellization and adsorption:
The standard free energies of adsorption and
micellization (∆Gºads and ∆Gºmic) at 35, 45, 55 and 65
ºC were utilized to investigate the thermodynamic
manner of the designed surfactants in their solutions.
The records of the thermodynamic characteristics of
micellization and adsorption were put in Tables 2, 3.
Evidently, it can be noticed from the tables that the
records of the standard free energies of adsorption
and micellization of the designed surfactants have
constantly negative scores. The condition points to
the adsorption and micellization operations together
run naturally. Furthermore, the standard free energies
of adsorption of designed structures at the air/water
interface gave extra negative scores compared with
the scores of the micellization showed to the
adsorption course is further approving than the
micellization. Additionally, the great variation among
∆Gºads and ∆Gºmic records can be interpreted based on
the adsorbed particles at the interface are tightly
packed; accordingly, the water particles isn’t react
considerably through all such particles [33].
3.4. Biological action of the designed compounds:
The results of the study in Table (4) and Figure (7)
showed that polymeric nonionic surfactants and their
nanostructures possess antimicrobial activity by
showing the inhibition zone around the wells.
However, among all microorganisms tested only
Staph. aureus showed high inhibition zone (40 mm)
at the studied nanostructures (Ib) and (IIb) compared
to the positive control (28 mm), respectively.
Meanwhile, Bacillus subtilis showed higher
inhibition zone (45 mm) at the nonionic surfactant
nanostructure (IIb). There were no zones of inhibition
recorded against Candida albicans. Moreover, in this
study the nanostructure of the polymeric nonionic
surfactants (Ib) and (IIb) showed more effective
against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and
Staph. aureus) compared to Gram-negative bacteria
(P. aeruginosa and E.coli), yeast (Candida albicans)
and microalga (Chlorella Vulgaris).
A. I. Adawy et.al.
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Egypt. J. Chem. 64, No. 12 (2021)
6930
Table (1): Surface properties of synthesized compounds at 35, 45, 55, 65 °C.
Table (2): Thermodynamic parameters of micellization of synthesized compounds at 35, 45, 55, 65 °C.
Table (3): Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of synthesized compounds at 35, 45, 55, 65 °C.
Surfactant CMC X 10-3,
Mole/liter
πCMC,
mN/m
Γmax X 10-11,
Mole/cm2
Amin,
nm2
Ia
Ib
5
3.9
31
32.5
6.4
6.59
2.59
2.53
IIa 35 °C 4.5 31.5 6.58 2.52
IIb 3.2 33.5 6.6 2.5
Ia
Ib
4.3
3.4
31.5
33.5
6.37
6.38
2.61
2.6
IIa 45 °C 3.6 32.5 6.38 2.6
IIb 2.7 35 6.4 2
Ia
Ib
3.4
2.7
32.5
34
6.18
6.19
2.7
2.6
IIa 55 °C 3.1 33.5 6.19 2.68
IIb 2.2 34.5 6.45 2.57
Ia
Ib
3
2.5
33.5
35
6
6.1
2.8
2.76
IIa 65 °C 2.8 34 6.1 2.76
IIb 2.1 35.5 6.26 2.65
Surfactant ΔGOmic, KJ/mole ΔHmic, KJ/mole
Ia
Ib
-39.14
-39.16
-39.14
-39.16
IIa 35 °C -45.88 -45.88
IIb -43.1 -43.1
Ia
Ib
-40.81
-40.79
-40.81
-40.79
IIa 45 °C -47.96 -47.96
IIb -44.9 -44.9
Ia
Ib
-43
-39.42
-43
-39.42
IIa 55 °C -40.68 -40.68
IIb -37.68 -37.68
Ia
Ib
-44.04
-40.83
-44.04
-40.83
IIa 65 °C -42.21 -42.21
IIb -38.96 -38.96
Surfactant ΔGOads, KJ/mole ΔHads, KJ/mole
Ia
Ib
-61.91
-63.72
-123.6
-179.3
IIa 35 °C -61.64 -188.6
IIb -65.14 -146.5
Ia
Ib
-63.91
-67.47
-127.6
-186.8
IIa 45 °C -65.76 -196.9
IIb -67.78 -141.8
Ia
Ib
-68.34
-69.36
-215
-254.5
IIa 55 °C -69.81 -174.5
IIb -70.08 -197.7
Ia
Ib
-72.81
-75
-224
-265.7
IIa 65 °C -73 -181
IIb -73.97 -205.5
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS BLENDING WITH ZINC OXIDE NANO.....
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Egypt. J. Chem. 64, No. 12 (2021)
6931
Figure (7): Antimicrobial activity of tested polymeric nonionic surfactants and their nanostructures [1 = (Ia); 2 =
(IIa); 3 = (Ib); 4 = (IIb); + = positive control] on different microbes [ (A) =Chlorella Vulgaris, (B)= Candida albicans,
(C)= Staph. aureus , (D) = E. coli, (E)= P. aeruginosa and (F)= Bacillus subtilis].
These results parallel to other previous study [34,35]
that claimed the nanostructure of the nonionic
surfactants were highly successful towards Gram-
positive bacteria but shorter against Gram-negative
bacteria. Basically, the variation between the two
antimicrobial actions perhaps due to the dissimilarity
in the cell walls of the bacteria. The cell film of
Gram-positive bacteria just contains an external
peptidoglycan sheet. Because of this structure, it is
extra penetrable to further materials.
While, the external layer of the cell film of the Gram
negative bacteria comprised of lipopolysaccharides.
These structures make it minimally penetrable to
further materials [36]. Bacterial cell wall of Gram-
positive bacteria is composed of 90- 95%
peptidoglycan and only 5-10% of lipid [37].
Less percentage of lipids caused less rigidity in
bacterial cell wall. However, in Gram-negative
bacteria, 90-95% of its bacterial cell wall composed
of lipid and 5-10% of peptidoglycan.
Thus, this might explain the reason why Gram-
negative bacteria have a resistance towards nonionic
surfactants in comparison with Gram-positive
bacteria. Any particle that enters a living organism is
continuously joined to its cell wall. This connection
may cause an alteration in the substrate itself, which
could toxically influence the film that may cause
damage or even decimation, responsible for the death
of the organism. As a consequence of being polar
groups in the skeleton of nonionic surfactants, they
appear to accumulate in the cell wall and reduce their
osmotic length motivating the microorganism to die.
The germicidal action of the biocide counts on its
molecular structure [38, 39]. As appeared in table (4)
the designed polymeric nonionic surfactants and their
nanostructures Ia, IIa, Ib and IIb have high-quality
biological action touching the investigated
microorganisms. As a consequence of their protocol,
nonionic surfactants are known to be one of the
potent biocides. Oxygen atoms, owing to their
electronegativity, had to near the connecting field. In
addition to the hydrophobic moieties, along with the
electrostatic forces, the substantial proteins that
encircle the substrate of the cell must be encapsulated
in the hydrogen bonding situation. In particular,
hydrogen bonding is programmed to destabilize the
cell membrane. The hydrophilic portion of the cell
wall bound to the hydrophilic portion of the nonionic
surfactant (polyethoxy) by means of an
intermolecular hydrogen bond. This seems to be the
antimicrobial powerful form as a surfactant, the
bounded location of the biocide is unclear [40].
Rising the concentration of the biocide heading to
extra gathering in the different substrates (aqueous or
microorganism membranes) [41]. Therefore, a greater
set of nonionic surfactants in the layer of cells
improves the amount strong motion of particles in the
path of microorganisms. The suppression capacity of
nanocomposites is greater than that of single
surfactants. While the improvement in biological
action of the designed surfactant with nanoparticles
can be attributed to the existence of little-sized
nanoparticles and a high surface-to-volume ratio in
the nanostructures of the designed surfactants, which
enables them to touch directly with microbial wall,
which enhance the diffusion of the surfactant
particles into the cell membrane of the
microorganism.
A B C
D E F
A. I. Adawy et.al.
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Egypt. J. Chem. 64, No. 12 (2021)
6932
Table (4): The results of biological activity of the synthesized polymeric surfactant and their nano-structures 5mg/ml
against different microorganisms measured by mm.
organisms Bacillus
subtilis
Staph.
aureus
Escherichia
coli
Pseud.
aeruginosa
Candida
albicans
Chlorella
sp. Samples
(Ia) 10 10 10 10 Nil 8
(IIa) 10 10 10 10 Nil 11
(Ib) 50 40 15 10 Nil 16
(IIb) 45 40 10 15 Nil 10
control 29 28 28 30 27 28
4. Conclusion:
Based on polyethylene glycol, the nonionic
polymeric surfactants Ia and IIa and their
nanostructures Ib and IIb were prepared and pointed
up. In addition, ZnO nanoparticles derived as of
hazardous trash "Electric Arc Furnace Dust
(EAFD)" was prepared and characterized. Also, it
was investigated the surface attitude of the designed
surfactants and their nanostructures in aqueous
medium using surface tension detecting that they
have good surface activity and the nanostructure of
the synthesized myristate surfactant (IIb), with
longer hydrophobic chain length had the lowest
critical micelle concentration also the micellization
affinity increases with maximize the temperature. In
conclusion, the synthesized nonionic polymeric
surfactants gave good biological activity against
different microorganisms and blending these
prepared polymeric surfactants with ZnO
nanoparticles to obtain polymeric surfactants
nanocomposites for enhancing their biological
activity, where the surface parameters play an
important role in their antimicrobial effect.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no known
competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments The authors are appreciative of Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI) for supporting
current research.
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