ap biology semester 1 review huu le. chapter 2 vocab. #1 isotopes
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AP Biology Semester 1 Review
Huu Le
Chapter 2 Vocab. #1
Isotopes
Chapter 2 Vocab. #1
Element w/diff. # of neutrons than common amount
Chapter 2 Vocab. #2
Energy levels
Chapter 2 Vocab. #2
Diff. states of potential energy that electrons
contain in an atom, aka electron shells
Chapter 2 Vocab. #3
Electronegativity
Chapter 2 Vocab. #3
Attraction of atom’s electrons of a covalent bond
- More electronegativity = closer electrons “polar”
molecule
Chapter 2 Vocab. #4
Hydrogen bonds
Chapter 2 Vocab. #4
Hydrogen atom bonds to electronegative atom, attracted to another electronegative atom
(water)
Chapter 2 Vocab. #5
Reactants
Chapter 2 Vocab. #5
Hydrogen bonds
Chapter 2 Vocab. #6
Product
Chapter 2 Vocab. #6
Result of reactants combined (2 Hydrogen +
Oxygen = Water)
Chapter 2 Vocab. #7
Chemical equilibrium
Chapter 2 Vocab. #7
Products form and break down at equal rate -
amount of the product stable and constant
Chapter 3 Vocab. #8
Cohesion
Chapter 3 Vocab. #8
hydrogen bonds hold substances together like
water
Chapter 3 Vocab. #9
Adhesion
Chapter 3 Vocab. #9
one substance clings onto another (water clinging to
leaves)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #10
Specific heat
Chapter 3 Vocab. #10
Amount of heat 1 gram of a substance needs to change
its temperature by 1C - calculated in calories
Chapter 3 Vocab. #11
solution
Chapter 3 Vocab. #11
mixture of multiple substances
Chapter 3 Vocab. #12
Solvent & solute
Chapter 3 Vocab. #12
substance that dissolves the solute (gets dissolved)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #13
Acid
Chapter 3 Vocab. #13
substance that increases the hydrogen ion
concentration of a solution (H+)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #14
Base PH is the measurement to indicate the acidity level of a
substance. The scale is from 0 to 14, with 0 being the
strongest acid, 14 being the strongest base, and 7 being
water.
Chapter 3 Vocab. #14
Substance that has more OH- (opposite of acid)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #15
pH
Chapter 3 Vocab. #15
measurement of acidity level of a substance
0 (acid) 14 (base)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #16
Buffers
Chapter 3 Vocab. #16
Substances that lower the amount of changes of H+
and OH- in a solution
Chapter 3 Vocab. #17
Acid deposition
Chapter 3 Vocab. #17
Rain w/ pH >= 5.6 occurs when there are
acidic gases in atmosphere
Chapter 4 Vocab. #18
Organic chemistry
Chapter 4 Vocab. #18
Branch of chemistryspecializes in compounds
w/ contain carbon (essential to life)
Chapter 4 Vocab. #19
Hydrocarbons
Chapter 4 Vocab. #19
Compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen
Chapter 4 Vocab. #20
Structural isomers
Chapter 4 Vocab. #20
Molecules w/ same elements but diff.
arrangement of bonds
Chapter 4 Vocab. #21
Geometric isomers
Chapter 4 Vocab. #21
Molecules that differ in the spatial arrangements of
covalent bonds
Chapter 4 Vocab. #22
Enantiomers
Chapter 4 Vocab. #22
molecules that are mirror images of each other
Chapter 5 Vocab. #23
Dehydration Reaction
Chapter 5 Vocab. #23
monomers bond by losing water
molecules in process
Chapter 5 Vocab. #24
Hydrolysis
Chapter 5 Vocab. #24
Polymers break due to the addition of water
molecules
Chapter 5 Vocab. #25
Monosaccharides
Chapter 5 Vocab. #25
molecules that have a carbon-hydrogen-
oxygen ratio of 1:2:1
Chapter 5 Vocab. #26
Polysaccharides
Chapter 5 Vocab. #26
hundreds of monosaccharides joined together by
dehydration reaction
Chapter 5 Vocab. #27
starch
Chapter 5 Vocab. #27
stored in plants in plastids to be later used for energy -
molecular bonds are easy to break
Chapter 5 Vocab. #28
Cellulose
Chapter 5 Vocab. #28
Structural polysaccharides - used to build cell walls – bonds are harder to break
Chapter 5 Vocab. #29
Phospholipids
Chapter 5 Vocab. #29
two hydrophobic fatty acid tails + 1 glycerol + phosphate group
hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tail
Chapter 5 Vocab. #30
Catalysts
Chapter 5 Vocab. #30
chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
(enzymes)
Chapter 5 Vocab. #31
Amino Acids
Chapter 5 Vocab. #31
organic molecules w/carboxyl & amino
groupsmake up proteins
20 natural amino acids
Chapter 5 Vocab. #32
Protein Structure
Chapter 5 Vocab. #32
Primary: amino acid sequence
Secondary: chain of the primary bound by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary & Quarternary: Complex Foldings/Shapings
Chapter 6 Vocab. #33
Ultracentrifuges
Chapter 6 Vocab. #33
machines that separate organelles from each
other for separate studies
Chapter 6 Vocab. #34
Prokaryotes
Chapter 6 Vocab. #34
small, simple cells w/ very little organelles other than ribosomes and a cell wall
Chapter 6 Vocab. #35
Eukaryotes
Chapter 6 Vocab. #35
plant and animal cellshave many organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)
Chapter 6 Vocab. #36
Dynein
Chapter 6 Vocab. #36
Protein used for movement in cilia and flagella – usually used inside
microtubules
Chapter 6 Vocab. #37
Intercellular Junctions
Chapter 6 Vocab. #37
Structures that prevent fluids from leaking out
Chapter 7 Vocab. #38
Glycolipids/glycoproteins
Chapter 7 Vocab. #38
cell identifiers used by cells to recognize each other
On surface of membranes
Chapter 7 Vocab. #39
Transport proteins
Chapter 7 Vocab. #39
proteins on the cell membrane
used to move hydrophilic molecules pass membrane
Chapter 7 Vocab. #40
Hypertonic(Plasmolzyed)
Chapter 7 Vocab. #40
environment that has less water than the cell
Chapter 7 Vocab. #41
Hypotonic(Turgid)
Chapter 7 Vocab. #41
environment w/ more water than cell cell
swellingNormal in plants
Chapter 7 Vocab. #42
Isotonic(Flaccid)
Chapter 7 Vocab. #42
environment w/ equal amount of water as cell
Chapter 7 Vocab. #43
Electrochemical gradient
Chapter 7 Vocab. #43
Combo of concentration gradient & electrical force
to diffuse ions
Chapter 11 Vocab. #44
G Protein Linked Receptor
Chapter 11 Vocab. #44
GDP protein binds to signal activated
G-protein binds to an enzyme and turns inactive again,
while releasing a phosphate group
Chapter 11 Vocab. #45
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Chapter 11 Vocab. #45
two monomers merge (when binded to signal) become a
dimerphosphate groups attach to the tyrosine-kinase regions
(starts several reactions)
Chapter 11 Vocab. #46
cAMP
Chapter 11 Vocab. #46
Cyclic adenosine - 2nd messenger used in G-
protein-signaling pathwaysSmall & in large amounts diffuses through cell quickly
Chapter 12 Vocab. #47
Centrosome
Chapter 12 Vocab. #47
spindles of microtubules that guide the organelles to opposite ends of the cell during cytokinesis
Chapter 12 Vocab. #48
Aster
Chapter 12 Vocab. #48
Short clump of microtubules that serve as
extensions to centrosomes
Chapter 12 Vocab. #49
Kinetochore
Chapter 12 Vocab. #49
Group of proteins located at the centromere of each
chromosome
Chapter 24 Vocab. #50
Allopatric speciation
Chapter 24 Vocab. #50
Species’ ecosystem is divided into several parts -
separated populations evolve independently of
each other- Leads to 2 species
Chapter 24 Vocab. #51
Sympatric speciation
Chapter 24 Vocab. #51
speciation takes place (not geographic isolation)
usually temporal isolation and behavioral isolation
Chapter 24 Vocab. #52
Adaptive Radiation
Chapter 24 Vocab. #52
Population disperses to other ecosystems - faces dramatic changes due to
the environment
Chapter 24 Vocab. #53
Punctuated Equilibrium
Chapter 24 Vocab. #53
[Theory] species undergo sudden changes remain the same over a long period of time and face sudden changes
again
Chapter 25 Vocab. #54
Analogy
Chapter 25 Vocab. #54
[Theory]convergent evolutionseparate species have
similar traits but different ancestors
Chapter 25 Vocab. #55
Homology
Chapter 25 Vocab. #55
[Theory]species branch from a single ancestor, hence
giving them similar traits
Chapter 25 Vocab. #56
Taxonomy
Chapter 25 Vocab. #56
classification of organisms into categories
Kingdom Phylum Order Family Genus
Species
Chapter 25 Vocab. #57
Phylogenetic Trees
Chapter 25 Vocab. #57
Branching diagrams that show the hierarchical classification
of species. Branches only spread into
two at a time
Chapter 26 Vocab. #58
Protobionts
Chapter 26 Vocab. #58
Molecules surrounded by a membrane structure
very primitive forms of life -able to perform simple
reproduction and synthesis
Chapter 26 Vocab. #59
Stromatolites
Chapter 26 Vocab. #59
Rocks that have sedimentary layers w/
bacteria – used to find out when Earth = life
sustainable
Chapter 26 Vocab. #60
3 Domains
Chapter 26 Vocab. #60
[Taxonomy]higher level than kingdom
The three domains are Bacteria, Achaea, Eukarya
Chapter 50 Vocab. #61
Biosphere
Chapter 50 Vocab. #61
global ecosystem, consisting of all of
Earth’s ecosystems focuses on how changes
affect all of Earth’s life as a whole
Chapter 50 Vocab. #62
Thermocline(Water Zones)
Chapter 50 Vocab. #62
rapid temp. change between the warmer photic zone and colder aphotic layer
caused by the amount of thermal energy from the
sun
Chapter 50 Vocab. #63
Ecotone
Chapter 50 Vocab. #63
area where biomes merge into one
another instead of sudden biome
changes
Chapter 51 Vocab. #64
Fixed action patterns
Chapter 51 Vocab. #64
Behaviors not taught by others – usually unchangeable
Triggered by external stimulusCan’t be stopped once triggered
Chapter 51 Vocab. #65
Taxis
Chapter 51 Vocab. #65
Oriented movement towards a positive
stimulus or away from a negative stimulus
Chapter 51 Vocab. #66
Classical conditioning
Chapter 51 Vocab. #66
Type of associative learning where animals learn to associate a stimulus w/ reward or punishment
Chapter 52 Vocab. #67
Allee effect
Chapter 52 Vocab. #67
idea that populations are less likely to survive if their population is too
small
Chapter 52 Vocab. #68
Ecological footprint
Chapter 52 Vocab. #68
how much land & resources are used upon the people of each nation compared with
the rest of the world
Chapter 52 Vocab. #69
Global Carrying Capacity
Chapter 52 Vocab. #69
concern that the exponential growth of human civilization will
eventually cause a crash from overpopulation
Chapter 53 Vocab. #70
Resources partitioning
Chapter 53 Vocab. #70
Sharing of niches that enables similar species to coexist
Organisms tend to live in diff. locations of ecosystem, but
have same role
Chapter 53 Vocab. #71
Batesian mimicry
Chapter 53 Vocab. #71
harmless prey appears harmful or poisonous
Mimics patterns of other organisms
Chapter 53 Vocab. #72
Keystone species
Chapter 53 Vocab. #72
species w/ strong ecological control on the community
through their niche – more likely to disrupt ecosystem if extinct
Chapter 54 Vocab. #73
Second law of thermodynamics
Chapter 54 Vocab. #73
Energy conversions can’t be efficient most energy is
turned into heat Roughly 10% energy transfer
Predators have to eat more preu
Chapter 54 Vocab. #74
Eutrophication
Chapter 54 Vocab. #74
too much nutrients are added into bodies of water
bacteria to dominate over phytoplankton cuts oxygen supply to other
organisms
Chapter 54 Vocab. #75
Nitrogen Cycle
Chapter 54 Vocab. #75
Important Chemical Cycle in naturePlants/Animals can only use
nitrogen in form of nitrate (NO3)Only bacteria/lightning can convert
nitrogen gas/nitrite (NO2) to nitrate
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