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Chapter 26 Section 5 Notes: END OF WAR and The Peace Settlement
GERMANY GOES ALL INOne Last German Offensive: 2nd Battle of the Marne 1918
-Russia withdrew-Austria, Bulgaria, Ottomans teetering on collapsing-Strong successful push (March 1918)
-Paris is evacuating -U.S. troops arrive and reinforce (August 1918) -Turns Tide of the War -Germany Retreats and Realizes they will lose
New Government and Rebellion-Austro-Hungarian Empire
Multi-National Empire Busts at Seams -Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire break down
-Germany (New Republic)-Exhausted German Public and Military-Strong Socialist/Communist Presence:
Will Germany follow Russia’s Example?Emperor William II AbdicatesWeimar Republic led by Friedrich Ebert (Social Democratic Party)WWI Split SDP (Pro and Anti War)
Spartacists Uprising:
-Led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht-Replicated Russian Revolution
-Overthrow Central Government-Institute soviets (worker and soldier councils) to govern towns and cities
-Weimar Republic used Free Corps to Crush Uprising-Rosa and Karl are Terminated
-Russian Bolsheviks were extremely disappointed
Treaty of Versailles-Paris Peace Talks
-“Preparing Eternal Peace” -70 Delegates from 27 Different Nations
-NOT Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
-Treaty Not Easily Constructed By Big Four: USA-Woodrow Wilson
14 Points:- League of Nations - Free Commerce -Reduced Arms-Open Diplomacy - National Self Determination
France: Georges Clemenceau
-Emphasis on Extreme Retribution and Revenge on Germany
Great Britain: David Lloyd George-Punish Germany, but also sided with Wilson
Italy: Vittorio Orlando
Terms of Treaty
1. New Territories-New countries created-German Colonies and Ottoman Territory confiscated by Allies
2. Reduced German Military
-No Air Force/ Navy
- 100,000 Man Army
-German DMZ in Rhineland (border with France)
3. War Guilt Clause-Germany take full responsibility of War
4. War Reparations-Pay 132 Billion Gold Marks
Germany didn’t like it but was forced to sign it due to allied blockade and starving nation-Also many Germans believed Army didn’t lose war
-Stabbed in the Back by: Socialists, Democrats, Pacifists, and later Jews
5. League of Nations Created
Breakdown of the Treaty and Alliance of Big 31. U.S. Senate refuses to ratify treaty or defensive alliance with France and G.B.
-U.S. returns to Isolation Policy
2. Great Britain backs out defensive alliance, isolating France
3. Isolate France Foreign Policy- Cruel Implementation of Treaty of Versailles to Cripple Germany- Alliances with newly created central European nations like Poland
4. National Self Determination: -Each Nation to Govern Self?-Europe: New Nations still drawn across ethnic lines
-Therefore Politically and Economically Unstable-Self Determination didn’t apply to Middle East or Colonies overseas
Example: Middle East-British and French established control over these territories-Betrayed Arabic Nationalists they promised autonomy-Balfour Declaration
-British Support of Jewish Homeland in Palestine-Arab opposition was crushed in Syria and Iraq
-Turkey-Allies literally tried to dismember entire Ottoman Territory-Mustafa Kemal Defended Turkey
-Upon victory created a modern, democratic, and secular Turkey
Costs of World War I-Death
War: 10-13 MillionHomefront: 7-10 MillionFlub Epidemic: 20 Million
-37,000,000 Out of 65,000,000 Soldiers Deployed Were Casualties
-Approximately Economic Cost: $ 185,000,000,000+
-A new outlook will be born
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