a&p: principles of reproduction and human development powerpoint (nursing)

THE REPRODUCTIVE THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSYSTEM

____ chromosomes before meiosis

2 divisions

End result: _____ chromosomes Called _______

Gametes

Definition: Location: Begins: FSH: initiates

___________ LH: stimultates

testosterone secretion, which promotes _________________

Spermatozoa: 23 chromosomes

Head Nucleus Acrosome

Middle piece Centrioles Mitochondria

Flagellum Motility

Location Temperature Function:

Sperm production!

Seminiferous tubules Function:

Epididymis

Specialized cells:Sustentacular cells

Location:Function:

Interstitial cells “Leydig cells”

Location:Function:

Location

20 feet long

Complete maturation of sperm

Sperm storage!

“Vas deferens” Location

Extends from epididymis to abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal

Location

Function

2 ejaculatory ducts

Location

Function

Secretions help with sperm motility!

Location

Function

Location Function Erectile Tissue:

Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum Cavernous urethra

Glans penis Prepuce

Function Average ph Amount 100 million

sperm cells /1 ml

FSH

LH

Testosterone

Inhibin

› Pathway of sperm:

› Glands that contribute fluids to semen:

› Erectile tissue of the penis:

Question Why are the testes outside the abdominal cavity?

AnswerA temperature of about 96ºF is necessary

for the production of viable sperm.

› Definition:› Location:› Begins:› Ends:› One mature ovum

is produced approximately every 28 days

› Ovum: 23 chromosomes

Location Function Contains cilia Fertilization

takes place here

Location Primary follicles

Primary oocyte Follicle cells: estrogen

Graafian follicle Atretic follicle Corpus luteum

Progesterone Hormones released:

Estrogen & progesterone

FSH: stimulates 1. 2.

Estrogen: stimulates: 1. 2. 3.

LH: Function: 1. 2.

Location Function Fundus Body Cervix Myometrium Endometrium

Location Function Perineum Hymen Ph Rugae

Vulva Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora Bartholin’s glands

Location Alveolar glands

Produce: Lacteriferous ducts

Function: Areola Prolactin vs. Oxytocin

Question During pregnancy, what hormones prepare the

mammary glands for lactation?

Answerestrogen and progesterone from the

placenta

3 phaseso Phase 1. Menstrual phase:

› Loss of the functional layer of the endometrium

› Lasts 2-8 days › FSH increasing

› Ovarian follicles begin to develop

o Phase 2: Follicular/Proliferative phase: FSH stimulates:

1. growth of __________ 2. secretion of ______ by follicles

Estrogen stimulates: 1. AP to secrete LH: causes follicle

maturation 1. growth of blood vessels in the

__________

This phase ends with ovulation, with a surge/drop in LH which ruptures the mature ovarian follicle.

o Phase 3: Luteal/Secretory phase: › Ruptured follicle:

› becomes ___________› secretes __________& ____________.

› If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum ceases to function

› secretion of progesterone & estrogen ___________

› endometrium cannot be maintained: begins to slough off.

Question What gland secretes FSH and LH?

Answerthe anterior pituitary gland

› Women › Menopause› Age› Side effects/complications.

› Men › continue to have reproductive capability

throughout life. › Prostate issues› Andropause

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & GENETICSHUMAN DEVELOPMENT & GENETICS

Capacitation Acrosome

Fertilization Zygote Only one sperm

Diploid # of chromosomes

22 pairs autosomes Also called homologous

chromosomes means they are maternal

and paternal with genes for the same traits.

1 pair sex chromosomes

The sex chromosomes are X and Y.

Males have XY Females have XX.

Cleavage

Morula

Blastocyst

Trophoblast

Embryo Embryonic disc: 3 layers

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

› Yolk sac:› Amnion

› amniotic fluid: cushion

› Chorion develops projections called chorionic villi

› will become the fetal portion of the placenta.

Placenta: both fetal and

maternal tissue

Umbilical cord: Two arteries One vein

Amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus

.

› Sinuses:› Irregular vessels › Contain maternal

blood› No direct

connection to fetal blood

› Functions of placenta:› 1. Exchange: › 2. Hormones:

› A.› B.› C.› D.

First stage: 1. 2.

Second stage: 1.

Third stage: 1. 2.

Liver Not fully mature, may

be unable to excrete bilirubin efficiently

Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus Ductus venosus

23 pairs of chromosomes One from the

mother, one from the father

Compact mass of DNA & protein

DNA code for ONE protein

20, 000 to 25,000 genes in our chromosomes

Each of us has 2 genes for one protein or trait

Genes are segments of a DNA molecule

Each gene pair has 2 possibilities, or “alleles” for each protein or trait Alleles may be

dominant or recessive

Alleles may be the same or may be different Homozygous Heterozygous

Genotype: actual genetic makeup Phenotype: how the genes are

expressed

› Example: Eye color

› Each child of these parents has a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having blue eyes, and a 75% chance (3 in 4) of having brown eyes.

Example: sickle cell trait

If both parents have sickle-cell trait, each child will have a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having sickle-cell anemia.

A child has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having sickle-cell trait, and a 25% chance (1 in 4) of not having any gene for sickle-cell hemoglobin.

.

Example: ABO blood types

3 possible alleles; a person will only have two

A child of these parents has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type A blood, and a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type B blood.

› Example: red-green color blindness

› Chromosome 23: XY (male) or XX (female)

› Y is small (short) and only has about 20 genes

› Male: if has gene for sex-linked trait, nothing to mask it so it will be expressed

› Female: if has gene for sex-linked trait (recessive) on one X but not on the other, she will not express the trait but will be a carrier.

Figure 21-10Inheritance of red-green color blindness (sex-linked pattern). See text for description.

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