applied and industrial microbiology (bisc&btec6343)
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Applied and Industrial Applied and Industrial Microbiology Microbiology
(BISC&BTEC6343)(BISC&BTEC6343)
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS UTILIZATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IS UTILIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSBIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
OR PART OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OR PART OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO GET ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICETO GET ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE
Employing plant cells, animal cells and Employing plant cells, animal cells and microorganisms not only to microorganisms not only to manufacture goods and medicines manufacture goods and medicines that are useful to mankind, that are useful to mankind, but alsobut also to to generate products and procedures generate products and procedures which will improve the quality and which will improve the quality and health of livestock, agricultural crops health of livestock, agricultural crops and our environment at large.and our environment at large.
Chemistry
Biology Engineering
Ch.Eng.
Bioeng.
Biochemistry
Biotech.
Biotechnology involves integration Biotechnology involves integration of such advanced disciplines asof such advanced disciplines as::
History of BiotechnologyHistory of Biotechnology
Dates back to ancient times. Alcoholic beverages, Dates back to ancient times. Alcoholic beverages, bread, cheese are first examples of unconscious use bread, cheese are first examples of unconscious use of biotechnology.of biotechnology.
Visualization of cells by Leeuwenhoek in 17th Visualization of cells by Leeuwenhoek in 17th century. The discovery of role of yeast in alcoholic century. The discovery of role of yeast in alcoholic fermentation by Pasteur in mid 1800s, utilization of fermentation by Pasteur in mid 1800s, utilization of pure yeast cultures in brewery by Hansen, detection pure yeast cultures in brewery by Hansen, detection of fermentation enzymes in yeast by Buchner in late of fermentation enzymes in yeast by Buchner in late 1800s. Then, early 20th century saw the first 1800s. Then, early 20th century saw the first biological sewage treatment plants. biological sewage treatment plants.
Discovery of penicillin by Flemming triggered Discovery of penicillin by Flemming triggered the birth of modern biotechnology. This the birth of modern biotechnology. This introduced the requirements for aseptic introduced the requirements for aseptic fermentation (bioprocess) techniques where fermentation (bioprocess) techniques where contaminating microbes are excluded. Other contaminating microbes are excluded. Other antibiotics, vaccines, single cell proteins, antibiotics, vaccines, single cell proteins, vitamins, nucleotides have been produced vitamins, nucleotides have been produced commercially ever since, with more commercially ever since, with more sophisticated fermentation and extraction sophisticated fermentation and extraction methods. methods.
In recent years, molecular biology techniques In recent years, molecular biology techniques and Genetic engineering have made possible; and Genetic engineering have made possible; the gene manipulations for production of highly the gene manipulations for production of highly productive strains, the utilization of bacteria for productive strains, the utilization of bacteria for production of rare chemicals like insulin, production of rare chemicals like insulin, interferon, growth hormone, viral antigen etc. interferon, growth hormone, viral antigen etc. The discovery of hybridoma technology The discovery of hybridoma technology (production of monoclonal antibodies) in 1975. (production of monoclonal antibodies) in 1975.
Another developing area is bioprocess Another developing area is bioprocess engineering, investigating the ways to optimize engineering, investigating the ways to optimize fermentation process and products in the field of fermentation process and products in the field of biotechnology. biotechnology.
Biotechnologically Biotechnologically important important
microorganismsmicroorganisms
BacteriaBacteria belong to kingdom Monera belong to kingdom Monera are procaryotes, genetic material is not surrounded are procaryotes, genetic material is not surrounded
by a special nuclear membrane by a special nuclear membrane single celled organisms single celled organisms their shape may be coccus, bacillus, spiral, their shape may be coccus, bacillus, spiral,
square, star shaped and individual bacteria may form square, star shaped and individual bacteria may form chains, clusters, pair etc.chains, clusters, pair etc.
generally reproduce by binary fission generally reproduce by binary fission some bacteria use organic compounds, some use some bacteria use organic compounds, some use
inorganic compounds for nutrition, others make inorganic compounds for nutrition, others make photosynthesis to manufacture their own food photosynthesis to manufacture their own food
important tool for recombinant DNA technology important tool for recombinant DNA technology
A typical bacterial cell is shown below.
Scanning electron micrograph of E.coli
FUNGIFUNGI belong to kingdom Fungi belong to kingdom Fungi are eucaryotes, genetic material surrounded by are eucaryotes, genetic material surrounded by
nuclear membrane nuclear membrane include unicellular yeast, multicellular molds and include unicellular yeast, multicellular molds and
large multicellular mushrooms large multicellular mushrooms reproduce sexually or asexually reproduce sexually or asexually absorb dissolved solutions of organic compounds absorb dissolved solutions of organic compounds
from environment from environment good source for enzymes, polysaccharides, lipids good source for enzymes, polysaccharides, lipids
or other valuable bioproducts. or other valuable bioproducts. used to supply human and animal diet with its high used to supply human and animal diet with its high
protein content and vitamins (single cell proteins, protein content and vitamins (single cell proteins, SCP) SCP)
ProtozoaProtozoa belong to kingdom Protista belong to kingdom Protista are eucaryotes are eucaryotes unicellular unicellular movement through pseudopods, flagella or movement through pseudopods, flagella or
cilia cilia reproduce sexually or asexually reproduce sexually or asexually feed upon bacteria and small particulate feed upon bacteria and small particulate
nutrients, some are part of normal microbiota nutrients, some are part of normal microbiota of animals of animals
AlgaeAlgae
some belong to kingdom Protista, some some belong to kingdom Protista, some belong to Plantae belong to Plantae
are eucaryotes are eucaryotes reproduce sexually or asexually reproduce sexually or asexually photoautotrophs; they use light as source of photoautotrophs; they use light as source of
energy. energy. good source for enzymes, pigments, lipids good source for enzymes, pigments, lipids
etc. etc.
VirusesViruses
have DNA or RNA as genetic material have DNA or RNA as genetic material obligatory intracellular parasites, they obligatory intracellular parasites, they
multiply inside living cells. multiply inside living cells. for multiplication, they invade host cell and for multiplication, they invade host cell and
by directing its metabolic machinery by directing its metabolic machinery synthesize viral nucleic acids and enzymes. synthesize viral nucleic acids and enzymes.
are used for vaccine production and serve are used for vaccine production and serve as vectors for gene transfer as vectors for gene transfer
Industrial chemicals
chemicals Microbial sources
ethanol Saccharomyces
acetic acid Acetobacter
glycerol Acetobacter
isopropanol Clostridium
acetone Clostridium
Enzymes
Enzymes microbial sources
alpha amylase
Bacillus licheniformis
Cellulases Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Lipases Aspergillus niger
Some examples of substances synthesized by microorganisms
Amino acids
amino acids Microbial sources
L-Arginine Brevibacterium flavum
L-Leucine Brevibacterium lactofermentum
L-Phenylalanine
Brevibacterium lactofermentum
L-Serine Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus
L-Tryptophan Brevibacterium flavum
Antibiotics
Antibiotics microbial sources
Cephalosporin C Cephalosporium acremonium
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelae
Penicillin Penicllium chrysogenum
Tetracycline Streptomyces aureofaciens
Pharmacologically important compounds
compounds Microbial source
Dopastin Pseudomonas sp.
Esterastin Streptomyces lavendulae
Naematolin Naematoloma fasciculare
Phialocin Phialocephala repens
Polymers
polymers microbial source
Cellulose Acetobacter sp.
Dextran Acetobacter sp.
Xanthan Xanthomanas campestris
Food and Beverages
Products microbial source
Bread Saccharomyces cerevisiae
beer and wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae
soy souce Aspergillus oryzae
Yoghurt Lactobacillus and Streptococcus
Single cell proteins
product (biomass) microbial source substrate used
Saccharomycodes lipolytica
Saccharomycodes lipolytica n-alkenes
Fusarium graminearum
Fusarium graminearum polysaccharides
Pruteen Methylophilus methylotrophus
methanol
algae Algae from CO2 /sunlight
Microbial products can be classified Microbial products can be classified asas
The microbial cells themselves; biomass The microbial cells themselves; biomass production production
Primary metabolites; which are produced by Primary metabolites; which are produced by cells to live and grow. Alcohol, amino acids, cells to live and grow. Alcohol, amino acids, nucleotides, fats, vitamins and enzymes are nucleotides, fats, vitamins and enzymes are examples of commercially important products examples of commercially important products
Secondary metabolites; are not necessarily Secondary metabolites; are not necessarily required for life. Antibiotics and various required for life. Antibiotics and various alkaloids are the most important secondary alkaloids are the most important secondary metabolites metabolites
Advantages of microbial Advantages of microbial systemssystems
Growth is fastGrowth is fast Mass cultivation is possible in large Mass cultivation is possible in large
fermentersfermenters Medium can be designed with cheaper Medium can be designed with cheaper
components.components. Genetic manipulations are widely and easily Genetic manipulations are widely and easily
performed. performed.
CHARACTERISTICS IMPORTANT IN CHARACTERISTICS IMPORTANT IN MICROBES USED IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBES USED IN INDUSTRIAL
MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLGYBIOTECHNOLGY
i.i. The organism must be able to grow in a The organism must be able to grow in a simple medium and should preferably not simple medium and should preferably not require growth factors. require growth factors.
ii.ii. The organism should be able to grow The organism should be able to grow vigorously and rapidly in the medium in use. vigorously and rapidly in the medium in use.
iii.iii. It should also produce the desired It should also produce the desired materials, whether they be cells or materials, whether they be cells or metabolic products, in as short a time as metabolic products, in as short a time as possible.possible.
iv.iv. Its end products should not include toxic Its end products should not include toxic and other undesirable materials, especially and other undesirable materials, especially if these end products are for internal if these end products are for internal consumption.consumption.
v. The organism should have a reasonable genetic, v. The organism should have a reasonable genetic, and hence physiological stability.and hence physiological stability.
vi. The organism should lend itself to a suitable vi. The organism should lend itself to a suitable method of product harvest at the end of the method of product harvest at the end of the fermentation. fermentation.
vii. Wherever possible, organisms which have vii. Wherever possible, organisms which have physiological requirements which protect them physiological requirements which protect them against competition from contaminants should be against competition from contaminants should be used. An organism with optimum productivity at used. An organism with optimum productivity at high temperatures, low pH values or which is able high temperatures, low pH values or which is able to elaborate agents inhibitory to competitors has to elaborate agents inhibitory to competitors has a decided advantage over others. Thus a a decided advantage over others. Thus a thermophilic efficient producer would be preferred thermophilic efficient producer would be preferred to a mesophilic one. to a mesophilic one.
viii. The organism should be reasonably viii. The organism should be reasonably resistant to predators such as resistant to predators such as Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio spp or bacteriophages. spp or bacteriophages.
ix. Where practicable the organism should ix. Where practicable the organism should not be too highly demanding of oxygen as not be too highly demanding of oxygen as aeration contributes about 20% of the cost aeration contributes about 20% of the cost of the finished product.of the finished product.
x. Lastly, the organism should be fairly easily x. Lastly, the organism should be fairly easily amenable to genetic manipulation to amenable to genetic manipulation to enable the establishment of strains with enable the establishment of strains with more acceptable properties.more acceptable properties.
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