arief firdaus presenting an argument

or Debate…?

Presenting an Argument

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to confuse people systematicallyX

Let alone…

X

Opinions of Value, Policy & Fact1. Value: (X is better than Y)

states that one thing is better than another.e.g. I think that dogs are better pets than dogs.

2. Policy: (X should do Y)states that the government or some type of authority such as your company or school administration should do something.e.g. I feel that DKI administration should provide bicycle lane.

3. Fact: (X is/was/will be true)states that something is true, was true, or will become true.e.g. The earth is getting warmer.

1. Math is more important than English.2. The deserts of the world are getting larger.3. This company should hire more women.4. City life is better than country life.5. Eating too much fast food will make you fat.6. Students should not have to wear uniform.7. Soccer is more exciting than basket ball.

• I think……• I feel……..• I believe…….• As I see it……..• In my opinion…….• As far as I'm concerned……• My point of view is that…….• In my view……..• It seems to me that……..• I figure that…….• From my point of view…….

Expressing Opinions: These terms are used to introduce an

opinion, either for or against:

Agreeing with an Opinion:• My view about this is positive.• I agree with this idea.• I agree completely with this idea.• I agree partially with this idea.• This idea is absolutely right.• This idea is partially right.• I couldn't agree more on this.• I think this idea is good.

Disagreeing with an Opinion:• I think this idea is

impossible/impractical/bad.• I think this idea is possible, but……• I think this idea cannot be implemented.• I don't agree with this idea.• I think it is a bad idea.• I'm not sure that I agree with this idea.• The project is feasible, but…….

Opinion Coffee is better than tea

The government should ban the killing oh whales

Smoking should be banned in all restaurants

Wearing glasses is better than wearing contact lenses

Old buildings should be torn down and replaced

Reason Because they are old and weak that makes them dangerous

Because contact lenses can cause permanent eye problems

Since coffee keeps you awake

Because whales are highly intelligent human beings similar to humans

Because it can cause problems for the other customers

Support According to one study, some whales have an IQ of over 120

Many studies revealed that second-hand smoke causes cancer

Every time you touch your eyes, you can cause an infection

Each cup of coffee contains about 150 mg of caffeine

For example, old buildings often collapse in earthquakes

Strong Reasonsa. Must logically support the opinion

b. Must be specific and state the idea clearly

c. Must be convincing to a majority of people

1. Cats are better pets than dogs

a. because cats can see better in the dark

b. because cats are cleaner

c. because hot dogs have mustard; cats don’t

2. It is better to live in the country than in the city

a. because the country has more good things

b. because I like it

c. because the environment is cleaner

3. The rain forests of the world should be protected

a. because rain forests are natural

b. because rain forests produce oxygen

c. because trees are needed for wood to build houses

This man believes that the government should lower taxesOpinion The government should lower taxes

Reason Lower taxes will help the economy

Support 1 (explanation)

If taxes are lower, people have more money to spend. Companies will sell more and give more people jobs.

Support 2 (example)

When Indonesia lower taxes a few years ago, people bought more things.

Support 3 (expert opinion)

According to Prof. Dr. Yuda Alm., lowering taxes will help business.

Support 4 (statistic)

Corporate sales fell by 5% when our government raised taxes last year.

The government should lower

taxes…

This woman believes that the government should raise taxesOpinion A. Tax increase in Thailand has improved the

quality of the government services for everyone in that country.

Reason B. It will take 15 million more dollars to complete construction on the new subway.

Support 1 (explanation)

C. The government needs more money to provide better services.

Support 2 (example)

D. Without more money, the government can’t provide training for people without jobs.

Support 3 (expert opinion)

E. According to the Finance Minister, important services will have to be cut if taxes are not increased.

Support 4 (statistic)

F. The government should raise taxes.

The government should raise

taxes…

Hiroshima & Nagasaki, 1945

Unusual wind pattern

• the soil can be cultivated• not all animals died

Possible Survivors

1. A man of religion (age unknown)

2. A female singer (30)

3. A policeman with a gun (age unknown)

4. A chief of an African tribe (age unknown)

5. The chief’s pregnant wife (age unknown)

6. A judge (male, 41)

7. A university professor (female, 36)

8. A warrior from a nearby South pacific island with a spear (male, unknown)

9. An alcoholic agricultural scientist (female, age unknown)

10. A homosexual doctor (male, 46)

your mission• In groups, decide which six people must live.

They are tasked to continue the civilization. Remember, the pilot is the 7th person. He is a male but there’s no information about his age.

• Consider the setting, what kind of people are needed in a particular condition, where there is no electricity and modern technology. Everything is similar to that of the early age of mankind.

REMEMBER

Who is smarter?The dolphin?

The trainer?

President Barack Obama, July 2009

“I agree with pak Arief. In presenting an argument, we should always focus on the

essence, not the inessentials. Dear Britzoners, keep that in mind.”