aristotle, the great teacher (384-322 bce) aristotle was student of plato studied biology,...

Aristotle, the Great Teacher(384-322 BCE)

• Aristotle was student of Plato

• Studied biology, astronomy, botany, moral philosophy, logic

• Developed syllogisms– All people are mortal– Socrates was a person– Therefore, Socrates is

Mortal• This was the beginning

of rational/ scientific thought

Alexander the Great

How well did he learn from his teacher?

Did he achieve happiness using his teacher’s definition?

2 Questions to

THINK about…

Aristotle’s Moral Philosophy• Happiness is the goal of life• It takes a whole lifetime• We confuse happiness with

pleasure, good health, wealth, knowledge… – these are the means but not the goal

of life– We need balance and proportion

SO, How can we be truly happy?• We need to know how to act and

we need habits that we act on in the long term : “Complete Virtue”

Alexander the Great

Aristotle’s Golden Mean

• Developing good habits in balancecowardice courage foolhardiness

shy friendlinessoverbearing

virtue

Aristotle Applied TodayPositive Psychology• 7 Scientifically Researched Traits of the

Happy:People who are happy have 5 or more of these qualities:

1. Relationships: Keep close friendships2. Caring: those who care for others or volunteer3. Exercise the body4. Strengths and Virtues: work toward goals5. Flow: Become absorbed in your work6. Spiritual engagement7. Positive Mindset: Optimism and Gratitude For more info see www.pursuit-of-happiness.org

How did these coarse mountain people - considered uncivilized by many of the city-states of southern Greece - get to a position controlling all Greece…then all of Persia?

Aegae

Why was Philip’s army so powerful? Hint…

Philip IIPhilip made king at age 23

•Ruthless Politician

•Macedonians respected power over culture

•Brilliant General –Philip doubled the size of a Phallanx 16 x16 (256 men)

– Longer spears (18 ft)

– Introduces Cavalry : “The Companions”

Demosthenes’ warnings ignored• Greek city-states had continued to quarrel

since the Peloponnesian War

• Philip II Attacks City-States That Resist Him– Battle of Chaeronea

• young Alexander : a Companion

– League of Corinth

• On to Persia!!..........

• But, there’s a problem

Philip is assassinated!

• Olympias of Epirus

• Cleopatra, and son

• Pausanias the bodyguard

AlexanderOlympias

Philip

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

Only 20 when he becomes KingOnly 20 when he becomes King Well groomed for the positionWell groomed for the position

Student of AristotleStudent of Aristotle Science Science LiteratureLiterature GeographyGeography

Hero was AchillesHero was Achilles Trip to TroyTrip to Troy

Theban Revolt Stamped Out!Theban Revolt Stamped Out!

Against the Against the “boy” Alexander!“boy” Alexander!

His response?His response? See picture for See picture for

clue…clue…

Persia !Persia ! Crosses Hellespont w/30,000 hoplites 5000 Crosses Hellespont w/30,000 hoplites 5000

cavalrycavalry Companions! Victory at Granicus Companions! Victory at Granicus

encourages Greek Ionians to joinencourages Greek Ionians to join

Victory at IssusVictory at Issus 100,000 Persians100,000 Persians What does Alexander do? What does Alexander do?

At Issus, Darius tries to play nice…At Issus, Darius tries to play nice… Offers peace settlementOffers peace settlement Does Alexander accept the offer? Why or why Does Alexander accept the offer? Why or why

not? not?

Macedonian Army Moves Along Macedonian Army Moves Along Coast to EgyptCoast to Egypt

Subdues difficult Subdues difficult fort city of Tyrefort city of Tyre

Then EgyptThen Egypt

How do these How do these people receive people receive Alexander and his Alexander and his army? Why? army? Why?

Battle of Battle of GaugamelaGaugamela

The Decisive end of Persian Empire

““I will not steal my victory” I will not steal my victory” Historian Arrian: Historian Arrian:

““There ensued a hand-to-hand fight; but There ensued a hand-to-hand fight; but when the Macedonian cavalry, when the Macedonian cavalry, commanded by Alexander himself, commanded by Alexander himself, pressed on vigorously, thrusting pressed on vigorously, thrusting themselves against the Persians and themselves against the Persians and striking their faces with their spears, and striking their faces with their spears, and when the Macedonian phalanx in dense when the Macedonian phalanx in dense array and bristling with long pikes had array and bristling with long pikes had also made an attack upon them, all also made an attack upon them, all things together appeared full of terror to things together appeared full of terror to Darius, who had already long been in a Darius, who had already long been in a state of fear, so that he was the first to state of fear, so that he was the first to turn and flee”turn and flee”

The Sack of PersepolisThe Sack of Persepolis

Final conquest in IndiaFinal conquest in India Must get more Must get more

territory..territory.. But what are the But what are the

problems in doing problems in doing so? so?

Alex reaches Indus Alex reaches Indus River in 327BCRiver in 327BC

11,000 miles in 7 11,000 miles in 7 years…tired men…years…tired men…

The Troops are getting tired…The Troops are getting tired…

Read the attached speech from Alexander to Read the attached speech from Alexander to his troops and answer the attached questionshis troops and answer the attached questions

Alexander attends Mass Marriage Alexander attends Mass Marriage of Macedonians and Persiansof Macedonians and Persians

Alexander dies…How? There are Alexander dies…How? There are different acounts… different acounts…

Did Alexander achieve his Did Alexander achieve his teacher’s goal of happiness?teacher’s goal of happiness?

If not, how close did he get?If not, how close did he get?

Does he deserve the title of “great”?Does he deserve the title of “great”?

What was Alexander’s Legacy?What was Alexander’s Legacy?

Ended era of independent city-states in GreeceEnded era of independent city-states in Greece Conquered more land than anyone everConquered more land than anyone ever Spurred on inter cultural blending of Greek and Spurred on inter cultural blending of Greek and

Persian races…Hellenism…What is it?Persian races…Hellenism…What is it? What happened to his empire? Who was his What happened to his empire? Who was his

heir?heir? Seleucus: Asia MinorSeleucus: Asia Minor Ptolemy: EgyptPtolemy: Egypt Antigonus: GreeceAntigonus: Greece

The Hellenistic Age

• Greeks and Persians adopting some of each other’s culture

• Greeks built new cities and roads in Asia with

• Temples• Gymnasiums• Theatres• Libraries• Museums• Zoo

• Wealth and diversity spread through out which led to new discoveries

Recent 2011 discovery in Alexandria Egypt…is it Alexander?

A Special City: Alexandria, EgyptAstronomy – idea of earth circling the sun; sun as a ball of fire – Aristarchus

Medicine - Galen, the first to practice human dissection

a detailed description of the brain

Geometry – Pi=3.14… Euclid

Physics – Levers – Archimedes

Geography – size of earth estimated – Eratosthenes

The great lighthouse

Eratosthenes: Renaissance man

(ca. 276-ca. 194 B.C.)

• Astronomer, math-guy, poet, librarian of Alexandria.

• Using sun dials placed some hundreds of miles apart, correctly calculated the circumference of the earth within 200 miles.

• Calculated tilt of earth to 1degree

• Produced the most accurate map yet; earth divided into degrees of latitude and longitude.

• Offered the theory that all of the oceans are really one

• first to suggest the possibility of reaching India by sailing west.

Aborted Industry

• Models of steam engine and a battery built, but they didn’t use develop such “temple wonders” WHY???

Hero’s (10–70 AD)

drawing of his Aeolipile…

Also…battery, vending machine…