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AS 2 – Valuation of Inventories Paper 1: Financial Reporting Chapter 1 Unit 3
CA B. Hari Gopal B.com, PGDBA, FCA, FCMA, DISA(ICAI), PMP (PMI, USA), EPBM (IIMC), MCT
Learning Objectives
1. Gain insight in to Accounting Standard 2
2. Disclosure requirements
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Introduction to Accounting Standard 2 • Background • Exceptions • Scope
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AS 2 – Background
Accounting Standard 2 – Valuation of inventories
Provide guidance for determining the value of inventories
Provide guidance on cost formulas
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AS 2 – Exceptions AS 2 does not apply in accounting
for following inventories
WIP arising under Construction contracts including directly related service contracts
WIP arising in the ordinary course of business of service providers
Shares, Debentures and other financial instruments held as stock in trade
Producer’s Inventories to the extent that they are measured at net realizable value as per practices of
industry – Ex : Livestock, mineral oils, etc
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AS 2 – Scope
Accounting Standard 2 – defines inventories as assets
Finished goods
Work In Progress
Raw Materials
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Measurement of inventories
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Measurement of inventories
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Inventories
Raw Materials WIP
At Cost
Replacement cost
Finished Goods
Lower of the following
Cost
Cost of Purchase
Cost of conversion
Other costs
Net Realizable value
Realizable value less
Selling Expenses
Measurement of inventories Inventories SHOULD BE valued at the lower of cost
and net realizable value Cost of goods is the summation of
Cost of purchase
Cost of conversion
Other costs
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Cost of Purchase
From the above, items like duty drawback, CENVAT, VAT, trade discount are deducted
Includes the purchase price plus all other necessary expenses directly attributable to purchase of stock
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Cost of Conversion
Direct Materials are included in Cost of purchase, whereas other items are known as Cost of conversion
Factory cost = Direct Materials + Direct Labour + Factory Variable Overhead + Factory Fixed Overhead
In case of Manufacturing organizations, cost of inventory includes cost of conversion
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Cost of Conversion – Direct Labour & Variable overheads
It is advisable to include Direct Labour and Variable overhead in cost of conversion on the basis of normal
capacity
Variable overhead are indirect expenses which is directly related to the production level – it changes with change in
production level
Direct labour is the cost of labour directly attributed to the units of production
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Cost of Conversion – Fixed overheads
However, if the actual production is considerably more than the normal capacity, then fixed overhead is to be
included on the basis of actual capacity
When the actual production is equal to or less than the normal capacity, then fixed overheads are considered on
the basis of normal capacity
Fixed overhead are indirect expenses which generally remains constant. It varies only when there is a major shift
in production
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Cost of Conversion – Joint Products and By-products
Sometimes a single production process may result in more than one product
Joint Product – if the additional product is intended and has good market value
By-product – if the additional product don’t have good market value
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Costs – to be excluded from cost of inventories
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Exclusions from cost of inventories
Abnormal wastage of Materials, Labour and other production costs
Storage costs unless necessary in the production process
Administrative overheads that do not contribute to bringing the inventories to their present location / condition
Selling and distribution costs
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Borrowing costs
Interest and other borrowing costs are not usually considered as part of cost of inventories. However there
are exceptions given below
As per AS 16, for inventories that are qualifying assets, any directly attributable borrowing costs (for
acquisition, construction or production) should be capitalized as part of their cost
Qualifying assets – are inventories that take substantial time to bring them to a salable condition
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Cost Formulas
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Cost Formulas
Following are various cost formulas suggested by the statement
Specific Identification Method
FIFO / Weighted Average Price
Standard Cost Method / Adjusted Selling Price Method or Retail Method
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Net Realisable Value
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Net Realisable Value (NRV) NRV = Estimated selling price – Estimated cost of completion – Estimated costs to make the sale
Two conditions wherein cost exceeds the NRV
While estimating NRV, the purpose of holding the stock also be taken in to consideration.
The provision of cost or NRV, whichever is less, is applicable to Finished goods, which are ready for sale.
Raw materials and WIP are not for sale and hence the NRV cannot be estimated. They needs to be valued at cost, However, if NRV of the finished goods is less than the cost, than the relevant Raw material and WIP are to valued at Replacement cost
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Disclosure
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Disclosure
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Information about the carrying cost held in different classifications of inventories and extent of the changes in these assets is useful to financial statement users. Common classification of inventories are – (a). Raw materials and components (b). Work in Progress (c). Finished Goods, Stores and Spares (d). Loose tools
The Financial Statements should disclose: (a). The accounting policies adopted in measuring inventories, including the cost formula used (b). The total carrying amount of inventories together with a classification appropriate to the enterprise
Lesson Summary
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4. Finally we had discussed the Disclosure requirements as per AS - 2
3. We had also learnt the meaning and usage of Net Realisable Value
2. We had also discussed the various cost formulas used in inventory valuation
1. We have learnt the background of AS – 2, exceptions and Scope
Testing time
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AS – 2 : Valuation of Inventories
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True or False – 1
Accounting Standard 2 apply to shares, debentures and other financial instruments held as stock in trade
Answer: B. False
A. True B. False
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True or False – 2
Accounting Standard 2 does not apply to work in progress arising in the ordinary course of business of service providers
Answer: A. True
A. True B. False
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MCQ – 1
As per AS 2 inventories includes –
A. Finished Goods
C. Raw materials
B. Work in progress
D. All of the above
Answer : D. All of the above
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MCQ – 2
According to AS 2 cost of goods is the summation of –
A. Cost of purchase
C. Other cost necessary to bring the inventory in present location and condition
B. Cost of conversion
D. All of the above
Answer : D. All of the above
What Next ……
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Please follow session on – AS – 2 : Valuation of Inventories – Practical Paper 1: Financial Reporting Chapter 1 Unit 3
Thank You
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