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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy & Physiology 2Summer 2004
Chapter 22 – Lymphatics and Immunity
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Figure 22.1 The Components of the Lymphatic System
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Figure 22.2 Lymphatic Capillaries
Figure 22.2a, b
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Figure 22.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Valves
Figure 22.3a, b
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Figure 22.4 The Relationship between the Lymphatic Ducts and the Venous System
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Figure 22.4 The Relationship between the Lymphatic Ducts and the Venous System
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Figure 22.6 Lymphoid Nodules
Figure 22.6
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Figure 22.7 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Figure 22.7
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Figure 22.5 The Derivation and Distribution of Lymphocytes
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• Nonspecific defenses –
• Specific defenses-
Lymphatic system and body defenses
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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses (Part 1 - Physical Barriers)
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• Remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign pathogens
• Monocyte-macrophage system - Fixed and free
• Microphages – Neutrophils and eosinophils
• Move by diapedesis
• Exhibit chemotaxis
Nonspecific Defenses, Phagocytes
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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 2 - Phagocytes)
Figure 22.10
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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 3 - Immunological Surveillance)
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Nonspecific Defenses, Interferons (cytokines)
• Small proteins released by virally infected cells
• Trigger the production of antiviral proteins
• Three major types of interferons are:
• Alpha– produced by leukocytes and attract/stimulate NK cells
• Beta– secreted by fibroblasts causing slow inflammation
• Gamma – secreted by T cells and NK cells stimulate macrophage activity
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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 5 - Complement System)
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Figure 22.13 Inflammation
Figure 22.13
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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses(Part 7 - Fever)
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Figure 22.14 Types of Immunity
Figure 22.14
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Properties of immunity
• Specificity – activated by and responds to a specific antigen
• Versatility – is ready to confront any antigen at any time
• Memory – “remembers” any antigen it has encountered
• Tolerance – responds to foreign substances but ignores normal tissues
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The immune system response
• Antigen triggers an immune response
• Activates T cells and B cells
• T cells are activated after phagocytes exposed to antigen
• T cells attack the antigen and stimulate B cells
• Activated B cells mature and produce antibody
• Antibody attacks antigen
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Figure 22.15 An Overview of the Immune Response
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Major types of T cells
• Cytotoxic T cells (TC) – attack foreign cells
• Helper T cells (TH) – activate other T cells and B cells
• Suppressor T cells (TS) – inhibit the activation of T and B cells
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Figure 22.16 Antigens and MHC Proteins
Figure 22.16
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Figure 22.16 Antigens and MHC Proteins
Figure 22.16b
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Figure 22.17 Antigen Recognition and the Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells
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Figure 22.17 Antigen Recognition and the Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells
Animation: Cytotoxic T Cell ActivationPLAY
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Figure 22.18 Antigen Recognition and Activation of Helper T cells
Animation: Antigen Recognition and Helper T Cell ActivationPLAY
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Figure 22.19 A Summary of the Pathways of T Cell Activation
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Figure 22.20 The Sensitization and Activation of B Cells
Animation: B Cells and Antibody ProductionPLAY
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Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure
Figure 22.21
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Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure
Figure 22.21a
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Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure
Figure 22.21b-d
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Actions of antibodies include:
• Neutralization
• Agglutination and precipitation
• Activation of complement
• Attraction of phagocytes
• Opsinization
• Stimulation of inflammation
• Prevention of adhesion
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Figure 22.22 The Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
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Figure 22.23 An Integrated Summary of the Immune Response
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Figure 22.25 The Course of the Body’s Response to Bacterial Infection
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