asheville school mushroom program
Post on 08-May-2015
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Finding and Identifying Mushrooms
Sheila Dunn
Asheville Mushroom Club
Why Study Mycology?• Define mycoremediation and
give a few examples of how fungi can save the world
What is a Mushroom?
• Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of certain fungi -the apple, not the tree.
• Classified in the Fungi Kingdom
How Mushrooms are Categorized
• Most mushrooms are Basidiomycetes. Specialized cells called basidia produce spores (basidiospores)
• Some mushrooms (e.g., morels and cup fungi) are Ascomycetes; they produce spores differently, within tube-like cells called asci
How Spores Are Released
•How are they spread?
Mycelium
• Spores form hyphae, which in turn form long chains called “mycelium”
• When conditions are "just so"- mycelium generate new hyphae which, within several weeks, will develop into a mushroom
• What are these conditions?
http://www.alanmuskat.com/MUSHROOM%20CHAPTER/raplink.htm
What We’ll Do Today
• How to find mushrooms• Mushroom identification• Mushrooms to find in WNC
– Spring– Summer– Fall– Winter
Where to Get Mushrooms
• Grow them (inoculate logs or other substrates)
• Go on a foray
Where and When to Look• Don’t’ foray along busy
roadsides or in polluted areas (for edible mushrooms)
• Watch out: national forests might prohibit
• In WNC, March through November
• 1-3 days after rain
Foraying• Basket and knife• Waxed paper
bags or little paper bags. Why not plastic?
• Collect the entire mushroom, including any underground parts
What We’ll Do
• How to find mushrooms• Mushroom identification• Mushrooms to find in WNC
– Spring– Summer– Fall– Winter
Edible Wild Mushrooms• Over 10,000
mushroom species in the US
• About 250 are edible• Some mushrooms
are difficult to identify correctly, requiring years of experience, many reference books and sometimes microscopic analysis
Some mushrooms haven't even
been named yet!
Where to Begin???
Types of Mushrooms: Not Just Cap and Stalk
• What does a typical mushroom look like?
• Some mushrooms look like balls; marine coral; cups or saucers; shelf-like growths on trees, logs or stumps; sponges; bushes; or even cauliflower.
Shapes
Other Shapes: Puffballs
Other Shapes: Shelf Fungi
Other Mushroom Shapes
Preliminary Mushroom ID
• Where found (ground, tree)• Season found• Shape• If cap and stem:
– Gills, pores, teeth– Stem
• Spore print…color
Beginners ID• Note the season • Note where the
mushroom was growing: on a tree? on moss? in leaf litter?
• Note the size, color
• Look under the cap for gills, pores, teeth
Identification Keys and Books
• http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/
• www.ashevillemushroomclub.org
• ID Books– Bill Roody– David Aurora
Identification Keys
• Most start with shape– Cap and stem
• Today, we’ll focus on preliminary identification of mushrooms with caps and stems
Cap and Stem Mushrooms
• Note young and mature forms
• Note veil
Step 1. Look Under The Cap
• Gills- Agaricales, such as Amanita• Pores – Boletales, such as Boletes,
Suillis, etc.• Crevices - Chanterelles• Teeth - Hydnum• These all distribute spores for
reproduction
Types of Gills
Widely Spaced
Giving off milky liquid
Closely Spaced
Crowded
How Gills are Attached to the Stem
Gilled Mushroom Example: Russula
• Stems breaks like chalk
• Turtles and squirrels love ‘em!
Look Under the Cap: Pores
Mushrooms with Pores: Boletes
Some Boletes Stain When Touched
Identifying Boletes• Pore color• Bluing when bruised• Stem
– Reticulated– Dotted
Look Under the Cap: Crevices, Not Gills, Not Pores, Not Teeth
Lobster MushroomChanterelle
Look Under the Cap: Teeth
Example: Hydnum
Getting a Spore Print
Spore Prints: Color Helps Identify
Spore Print Color? Guess……
Look at the Stalk for Veils
• Look for a ring of tissue (technically called an annulus) on the upper stalk.
• Is there a cup-like sac (a volva) around the very base of the stalk? – Feature of the Death Cap (Amanita
phalloides) and Destroying Angel (Amanita virosa) mushrooms.)
Rings on Stem
Annulus: Evidence of a partial veil
Patches or Warts on Cap• Check for a
universal veil: Shreds, patches or warty material on the stalk, cap, or hanging from the cap margin.
More Evidence of a Veil: Volva
• Tissue around entire button
• Ruptured by the growing mushroom
• May leave warts/patches on cap
• E.g., amanita
What We’ll Do
• How to find mushrooms• Mushroom identification• Mushrooms to find in WNC
– Spring– Summer– Fall– Winter
Morels: Early Spring
Spring edible
Stropharia rugoso-annulataWine cap
Spring, Edible Summer
Best Edibles: Summer
• Chanterelles• Lactarius• Boletes• Lobster (late)• Sulfur Shelf (late)
Chicken of the WoodsChanterelle
ChanterellesOften confused with Jack O’ Lantern
Summer Fall edible
Beware of Jack O’ Lantern!
Chanterelle- no true gills
Jack O’ Lantern- true gillsGlows in the darkGrows in clusters on tree base
Summer edible
volemus
indigo
corrugis
hygrophoroides
Lactarius
Beware: Non-Edible Lactarius!
• Lactarius piperatus• Lactarius
deliciosus• Both are peppery
hot• What do all
lactarius have in common?
Lobster Mushroom
Summer Fall edible
Hypomyces lactifluorum
Chicken of Woods Laetiporus sulphureus
Summer Fall edible
Best Fall Mushrooms
• Hen of the woods• Oyster mushrooms• Puffballs• Common grocery store mushroom• Hydnum• Herecium
Grifola frondosa / maitakeHen of the Woods; Great Edible
Fall Edible Medicinal
Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus
Summer Fall Winter edible
Puffballs
Summer Fall edible
Lycoperdon perlatum
Calvatia gigantea
Agaricus campestris:Grocery Store
MushroomMeadow mushroom
Fall Edible
Hydnum umbilicatum
Hedgehog mushroom
Summer Fall Edible
Hericium
Summer Fall edible
Erinaceus / lion's mane
coralloides
Medicinal
Time Permitting
• Other cool shelf mushrooms in WNC
• Mushroom poisoning
Trametes versicolor(Turkey tail)
Year round Medicinal
Fistulina hepatica / beefsteak polypore
Summer Fall Edible
Mushroom Poisoning
• 2% of all mushrooms• Most not fatal• 4 types of toxins:1. Protoplasmic
(Amatoxins)– cell destruction followed by organ failure
2. Neurotoxins (Psilocybin)– sweating, coma, convulsions, hallucination
Amanita virosaDestroying Angel
Psilocybe
Poisonous Mushrooms: Amanita
Amanita phalloides
Amanita virosa: Destroying Angel
Amanitas: Do Not Eat!!
Questions?
Thank You!
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