astronomy and the renaissance
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Know about Copernicus and the Sun-Centered Model
Know Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Astronomy and the Renaissance
Ptolemy’s ModelClaudius Ptolemy – AD 150
Ptolemy believed that heavenly bodies (planets and stars) were perfect, in contrast to earthbound objects
For 1,300 years, his model was the conventional wisdom of the scientific world
The universe was based on perfect circles
An epicycle is the circular orbit of a planet, the center of which revolves around the Earth in another circle
Lesson Overview Copernicus and the Sun-Centered Model Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Copernicus and the Sun-Centered Model
Why Copernicus Searched for a Better Model
Ptolemy’s model designed to predict planetary movements were off (by as much as 2 degrees)…
Hence calendars, largely based on astronomical bodies were not accurate. More accurate data was needed for the Roman Catholic Church in order to correctly observe religious events.
In addition, Ptolemy’s theory of epicycles didn’t adequately explain changes in Mars’ brightness
Copernicus’ Heliocentric SystemEarth, one of several planets revolving around the SunPlane of Earth’s equator tiltedMoon revolves around EarthEarth’s atmosphere simply follows Earth as it rotates
Tycho Brahe’s (1571-1630)Danish astronomer and fierce
mathematician Tycho’s observations didn’t confirm the
more recent Copernican model.Trying to bridge the two Tycho
developed a hybrid model that put Earth at the center of Sun’s orbit Other planets orbiting Sun
Wrong conclusion for a good reason
Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe's contributions to astronomy were atill enormous.
Supernova (1572) He not only designed and built
instruments, he also calibrated them and checked their accuracy periodically….thus he revolutionized astronomical instrumentation.
He also gave a young mathematician, Johannes Kepler a break…..well sort of
Tycho Brahe
Kepler’s First Law: The Significance of the Ellipse
Ellipse – a geometrical shape of which every point is same total distance from two fixed points
Each planet’s path around the Sun is an ellipse
The Sun is at one focal point
Kepler’s Second Law: The Planets’ Changing Speeds
A planet speeds up when it is closer to the Sun, and slows down when it is farther away
How Kepler’s Third Law Implied the Force of Gravity
Kepler hypothesized that a force held the planets near the Sun—gravity
His 3rd Law states that the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the Sun. (period)2 = (constant) x (average distance)3
Harmonic Law: expresses a relationship between the time a planet takes to orbit the Sun and its distance from the Sun
Longer distance from sun, longer time to orbit, more distance traveled thus slower speed in its orbit
Extra Credit: This Saturday
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Know about Copernicus and the Sun-Centered Model
Know Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Astronomy and the Renaissance
Next…Done – Astronomy and the RenaissanceNext – The Enlightenment and Modern Astronomy
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