atoms and matter today’s objectives understand the components of the atom. understand the...
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Atoms and Matter
Today’s Objectives
Understand the components of the atom.Understand the components of the atom. Be able to explain the parts of the atom and Be able to explain the parts of the atom and
their relationship to each other.their relationship to each other.
Here’s the hint
Slides with this color background mean you Slides with this color background mean you just have to listen and ask/answer questions.just have to listen and ask/answer questions.
Unless….Unless….the text is written in this color. the text is written in this color. Then you need to write the text down.Then you need to write the text down.
Slides that look like this
This means the entire slide needs to be This means the entire slide needs to be copied Cornell note style.copied Cornell note style.
Any questions?Any questions? I have one…….I have one…….
Cornell Notes you ask?
Divide the paper Divide the paper into One third and into One third and two third sections.two third sections.
Name, Class/Period, Name, Class/Period, Date go in the upper Date go in the upper right corner.right corner.
Topic/Objective in the Topic/Objective in the upper leftupper left
Cornell Notes
Questions and key Questions and key points go on the points go on the left.left.
Class notes go on Class notes go on the right.the right.
A review summary A review summary is located at the is located at the bottom.bottom.
The Cornell method• systematic format for condensing and organizing notes
• main ideas of the text or lecture• long ideas are paraphrased• long sentences are avoided
• symbols or abbreviations are used instead• relevant questions or key words are written in the key word
column• Within 24 hours of taking the notes, the student must revise
and write questions and then write a brief summary in the bottom five to seven lines of the page This helps to increase
understanding of the topic• Helps when studying for either a test or quizWhen reviewing
the material, the student can cover the note-taking (right) column while attempting to answer the questions/keywords in
the key word or cue (left) column.
Effectiveness
A study published in 2008 by Wichita State A study published in 2008 by Wichita State University compared two note taking methods University compared two note taking methods
Cornell and guided.Cornell and guided.They found that Cornell Note taking are more They found that Cornell Note taking are more
effective for students improvement of effective for students improvement of synthesis and apply learned knowledgesynthesis and apply learned knowledge
while the guided notes method appeared to be while the guided notes method appeared to be better for basic recall.better for basic recall.
Enough of that nonsense lets get back to the Enough of that nonsense lets get back to the atom!atom!
Vocabulary
Atomic mass Atomic mass Atomic numberAtomic number Atomic symbolAtomic symbol NucleusNucleus
AtomAtom ElectronElectron ProtonProton NeutronNeutron ElementElement Energy levels, Orbitals, Energy levels, Orbitals,
Electron CloudElectron Cloud
History of the Atom
Going back as far as 400 BCE.Going back as far as 400 BCE. Greek philosophers suggested that the Greek philosophers suggested that the
universe was made of small invisible universe was made of small invisible particles they named atomos.particles they named atomos.
Atomos is Greek and means unable to be Atomos is Greek and means unable to be divided (loose translation).divided (loose translation).
History of the Atom
It wasnIt wasn’’t until around 1700 CE that t until around 1700 CE that scientists began a more intense scientists began a more intense investigationinvestigation
Making careful and repeated measurementsMaking careful and repeated measurements Resulting in more reliable dataResulting in more reliable data
1808
Then in 1808 an English schoolteacher by Then in 1808 an English schoolteacher by the name of John Dalton developed his the name of John Dalton developed his atomic theory.atomic theory.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
Atoms cannot be divided.Atoms cannot be divided. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.Atoms of the same element are exactly alike. Atoms of different elements can join to form Atoms of different elements can join to form
compounds. (Like hydrogen and oxygen compounds. (Like hydrogen and oxygen forming, Hforming, H22O).O).
Most of his theories still hold true today except Most of his theories still hold true today except one: we now know that an atom is made of one: we now know that an atom is made of three parts.three parts.
Atoms
We know are the building blocks of We know are the building blocks of moleculesmolecules
Are the smallest part of an element that still Are the smallest part of an element that still keep the properties of the element. (What is keep the properties of the element. (What is an an elementelement?)?)
Pure chemical substance consisting of Pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom (determined by the # one type of atom (determined by the # of protons).of protons).
But What Is an Atom?
Atoms are the basic unit of matter and Atoms are the basic unit of matter and consist of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.consist of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
Remember I said that almost all of DaltonRemember I said that almost all of Dalton’’s s Atomic Theory held true.Atomic Theory held true.
Based on what you know which one didn’t?Based on what you know which one didn’t? Hint: refer to your notes on his theory.Hint: refer to your notes on his theory.
Proton
Positively chargedPositively charged Resides in the nucleus (atomResides in the nucleus (atom’’s central s central
region)region) Has a mass of 1.67x10Has a mass of 1.67x10-27-27
Neutron
No chargeNo charge Similar to proton in that it Similar to proton in that it resides in the resides in the
nucleusnucleus Also similar in mass of the proton at Also similar in mass of the proton at
1.67x101.67x10-27-27
Nucleus
Central region of the atomCentral region of the atom Made of Protons and NeutronsMade of Protons and Neutrons
Nucleus of a Helium Atom
++++
Electron
Negative chargeNegative charge Much less massive than either the proton or Much less massive than either the proton or
neutronneutron Mass = 9.11x10Mass = 9.11x10-31-31
Does notDoes not reside in the nucleus reside in the nucleus Freely moves around the nucleus in an Freely moves around the nucleus in an
energy level.energy level.
Electrons
This is where it becomes confusing.This is where it becomes confusing. The electron moves in an orbital path The electron moves in an orbital path
around the nucleus.around the nucleus. If I were to draw the path it would look like If I were to draw the path it would look like
a ring around the nucleus.a ring around the nucleus. Important to note that Important to note that the path isthe path is actually actually a a
shell aroundshell around the nucleusthe nucleus, like a cloud., like a cloud.
Two Dimensional Drawing of a Helium Atom
++++
--
--
Electrons Electrons occupy areas called orbitals, electron Electrons occupy areas called orbitals, electron
clouds, and energy levels.clouds, and energy levels. Orbital, electron cloud, and energy level all refer Orbital, electron cloud, and energy level all refer
to the area where the electron “lives”. The path of to the area where the electron “lives”. The path of the electron.the electron.
All of those are the same thing, the path the All of those are the same thing, the path the electron follows around the nucleus.electron follows around the nucleus.
If the nucleus of the atom was the size of a marble If the nucleus of the atom was the size of a marble then the size of the whole atom (including electron then the size of the whole atom (including electron cloud) would be the size of a football field.cloud) would be the size of a football field.
ThatThat’’s how far away the electron is from the s how far away the electron is from the nucleus.nucleus.
Take a Breather
Lot’s of info passed on.Lot’s of info passed on. Everyone get up circle the room once and Everyone get up circle the room once and
go back to your seat. Say ‘hi’ to someone as go back to your seat. Say ‘hi’ to someone as you pass them.you pass them.
Are there any questions?Are there any questions? ItIt’’s going to get a little more intense.s going to get a little more intense.
Atoms, The Make-upParticleParticle ChargeCharge Mass(kg)Mass(kg) Location in Location in
AtomAtom
ProtonProton +1+1 1.67x101.67x10-27-27 NucleusNucleus
NeutronNeutron 00 1.67x101.67x10-27-27 NucleusNucleus
ElectronElectron -1-1 9.11x109.11x10-31-31 Moving Moving around around
outside the outside the NucleusNucleus
Atomic charge
Important to note:Important to note: Atoms are electrically neutral.Atoms are electrically neutral. The number of positive subatomic The number of positive subatomic
particles matches the number of negative particles matches the number of negative subatomic particles.subatomic particles.
What are the subatomic positive and What are the subatomic positive and negative particles?negative particles?
Revisit Today’s Vocabulary AtomAtom ElementElement ProtonProton NeutronNeutron NucleusNucleus ElectronElectron Energy levels, Energy levels,
Orbitals, Electron Orbitals, Electron CloudCloud
Let’s end it there for today.
Do you know the parts to the atom?Do you know the parts to the atom? How about their relationship to each other?How about their relationship to each other? Good! Then your homework is to write a Good! Then your homework is to write a
Haiku about it. Haiku about it.
Example
You must also write your sentences connecting the You must also write your sentences connecting the haiku and border to the content. The instructions haiku and border to the content. The instructions are on page 6 in your notebook.are on page 6 in your notebook.
Physical Science
Brain Teaser
This is your warm-up for today.This is your warm-up for today. Get your homework ready to be checked.Get your homework ready to be checked. Please write down the question and answer on a left hand Please write down the question and answer on a left hand
page of your notebook.page of your notebook. Also write the date, your name, and the title “Brainteaser Also write the date, your name, and the title “Brainteaser
#1” on the top of the page.#1” on the top of the page. Update this in your table of contentsUpdate this in your table of contents Here is the question:Here is the question:
Explain the relationship between the parts of an atom.Explain the relationship between the parts of an atom.
We Have Identified Seven of the Vocabulary Words
Which Ones?Which Ones?
What Did We Do Last Class?
We looked at atoms.We looked at atoms. In particularly the three parts.In particularly the three parts. The positive:The positive:
• Proton.Proton. The neutral:The neutral:
• Neutron.Neutron. Finally, the negative:Finally, the negative:
• Electron.Electron.
What Else?
Where do each Where do each ““livelive””. Where do they make . Where do they make their homes?their homes?
What other vocabulary words do you What other vocabulary words do you remember?remember?
Here’s the List
Atomic mass Atomic mass Atomic numberAtomic number Atomic symbolAtomic symbol NucleusNucleus
ElectronElectron ProtonProton NeutronNeutron AtomAtom ElementElement Energy levels, Energy levels,
Orbital, Electron Orbital, Electron CloudCloud
Today’s Objective:
Know how to construct a model/diagram of Know how to construct a model/diagram of an atom, labeling each part.an atom, labeling each part.
Essential QuestionEssential Question How do you make a model or diagram of How do you make a model or diagram of
what an atom looks like including the what an atom looks like including the labels?labels?
Energy Levels
Energy levels Energy levels are paths for the electrons.are paths for the electrons. A Danish scientist named Niels Bohr A Danish scientist named Niels Bohr
suggested that electrons in an atom move in suggested that electrons in an atom move in set paths around the nucleus of the atom.set paths around the nucleus of the atom.
The path defines the electrons energy level.The path defines the electrons energy level. Only a certain number of electrons can Only a certain number of electrons can
occupy, or reside, in a certain energy leveloccupy, or reside, in a certain energy level..
Picture a Building
Energy Levels
The basement is where the nucleus isThe basement is where the nucleus is Each floor is an energy levelEach floor is an energy level The elevator (The elevator (electronelectron) ) can gain energy and can gain energy and
move from a lower level to a higher levelmove from a lower level to a higher level Or the elevator (Or the elevator (electronelectron) ) can lose energy can lose energy
and move down a leveland move down a level But the But the electron electron cannotcannot get stuck between get stuck between
floors (floors (levelslevels))
Energy Levels
Also Also only a certain number of electrons can only a certain number of electrons can fit on eachfit on each floor ( floor (energy levelenergy level))
Energy Levels
44thth energy level energy levelCan hold 32 electronsCan hold 32 electrons 33rdrd energy level can energy level can
hold 18 electronshold 18 electrons 22ndnd energy level can energy level can
hold 8 electronshold 8 electrons 11stst energy level can energy level can
hold hold onlyonly 2 electron 2 electronssNucleusNucleus
Electron CarElectron Car
Energy Levels A Good Example
Why Is This a Bad Example of Energy Levels?
Vocabulary Revisited
Atomic mass Atomic mass Atomic numberAtomic number Atomic symbolAtomic symbol NucleusNucleus
ElectronElectron ProtonProton NeutronNeutron AtomAtom ElementElement Energy levels, Energy levels,
Orbitals, Electron Orbitals, Electron CloudsClouds
What Is Left?
Atomic mass.Atomic mass. Atomic number.Atomic number. Atomic symbol.Atomic symbol.
How do I find these? Not just the definitions How do I find these? Not just the definitions but where do I actually find the information.but where do I actually find the information.
Back to the Atom
Have you ever heard of the periodic table of Have you ever heard of the periodic table of elements?elements?
ItIt’’s filled with symbols numbers all s filled with symbols numbers all arranged in a certain way.arranged in a certain way.
Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
Tells you an elements Tells you an elements atomic massatomic mass.. Sum of the number of protons, neutrons in the Sum of the number of protons, neutrons in the
atom.atom. Tells you the Tells you the atomic numberatomic number..
The number of protons in the nucleus of the The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.atom.
Gives you the Gives you the atomic symbolatomic symbol.. The atomic symbol is how we recognize the The atomic symbol is how we recognize the
element, itelement, it’’s s the letter(s) given to the element. the letter(s) given to the element. Like H for hydrogen.Like H for hydrogen.
Looking DeeperLooking Deeper
Atomic Atomic
NumberNumber Atomic Atomic
SymbolSymbol Atomic nameAtomic name Atomic massAtomic mass
66
CCCarbonCarbon12.010712.0107
Periodic Table
Finally, It’s Over
Let’s take one final look at our new Let’s take one final look at our new vocabularyvocabulary
New Vocabulary
Atomic mass Atomic mass Atomic numberAtomic number Atomic symbolAtomic symbol NucleusNucleus
ElectronElectron ProtonProton NeutronNeutron AtomAtom ElementElement Energy levels, Energy levels,
Orbitals, Electron Orbitals, Electron Clouds.Clouds.
That’s All Folks
What happened today?What happened today? What were we doing and why?What were we doing and why? I think I will volunteer someone to describe all I think I will volunteer someone to describe all
the information we can gather by looking at the information we can gather by looking at sodium on the periodic table of elements.sodium on the periodic table of elements.
Go up to the screen and use the meterstick to Go up to the screen and use the meterstick to guide us as you explain the numbers and guide us as you explain the numbers and symbols.symbols.
The class doesn't get off scott free, you have to The class doesn't get off scott free, you have to correct if necessary.correct if necessary.
Sodium (Na)
1111
NaNaSodiumSodium
22.9922.99
HomeworkHomework
T-Shirt Art for T-Shirt Art for Hydrogen or an Hydrogen or an element of your element of your choice.choice.
Example
You are still responsible for the 2 paragraphs. The You are still responsible for the 2 paragraphs. The instructions are on page nine of your notebookinstructions are on page nine of your notebook..
The EndThe End
This has beenThis has been
An An
Irish stewIrish stew
ProductionProduction
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