attachment & parenting early social development
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Attachment & ParentingEarly Social Development
Mr. KochAP Psychology
Forest Lake High School
Attachment
• A deep and enduring relationship with the person with whom a baby has shared many experiences
• Typically begins forming during 1st year of life
– John Bowlby • British psychoanalyst drew attention to importance
of attachment after observing depression and other emotional scars in children orphaned in WWII– Inspired researchers to study how attachments are formed
and what happens when they’re absent or broken
ImprintingKonrad Lorenz (1937)• Some animals (i.e. ducks, geese)
develop attachment during a “critical period” shortly after birth– Imprinting – instinctively
becomes attached to first moving thing seen at this time
Konrad Lorenz - Imprinting
Harry Harlow (1959)
• Tested two opposing hypotheses on what leads to developing attachment:
1. Attachment occurs because mothers feed their babies2. Attachment is based on the warm, comforting contact
from the mother
Harlow Monkey Studiesclip #1
Harlow Monkey Studiesclip #2
Harlow Monkey Studiesclip #3
Harlow Monkey Studies• Also investigated what happens when
attachments do not form– Isolated some newborn monkeys from all
social contact – dramatic disturbances after one year• When visited by normal monkeys, huddled in
corner and rocked• Unable to have normal sexual relations• Artificially inseminated females tended to ignore
own babies– Would sometimes abuse/kill them when babies
were distressed
• Tragically similar situations observed in Romanian and Russian orphanages
Harlow Monkey Studies
Mary Ainsworth (1978)(student of John Bowlby)
• “Strange Situation” experiment– Infant interacts with mother and
stranger in unfamiliar room• Plays with both → mother leaves
briefly → baby alone briefly → mother returns
Mary Ainsworth – “Strange Situation”
• “Secure Attachment” – most infants– Use mother as home base, leave side to explore,
but return periodically for comfort/contact– When mother returns from separation, infant
happy to see her and receptive to contact
Mary Ainsworth – “Strange Situation”
• “Insecure Attachment”1. Avoidant – avoid or ignore mother upon return2. Ambivalent – upset when mother leaves, switch
between clinging and angrily rejecting mother upon return
3. Disorganized – behavior is inconsistent, disturbed, and disturbing (i.e. – cry after mother returns and comforts; reach out for mother while looking away from her)
• Secure attachments correlated with more positive social relationships later in life
Mary Ainsworth – “Strange Situation”
Parenting Styles
Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian– Strict, punitive, unsympathetic• Value obedience from child and authority for selves• Try to curb child’s will, discourage independence• Detached and seldom praise
– Their children tend to be:• Unfriendly, distrustful, withdrawn, less empathic, more
aggressive, more likely to cheat, less likely to feel guilty or accept blame
Parenting Styles
• Permissive– More affectionate, give lax discipline, great deal of
freedom
– Children tend to be:• Immature, dependent, unhappy, prone to tantrums,
act helpless
Parenting Styles
• Authoritative– Fall between previous two extremes• Reason with child, encourage give and take, sets limits
but encourages independence, firm but understanding, demands are reasonable and consistent, give children more responsibility as they mature
– Children tend to be:• Friendly, cooperative, self-reliant, socially responsible,
better in school, more popular
Parenting Styles
• Uninvolved– Indifferent to their children• Invest as little time, money, effort as possible• Focus on own needs before child’s
– Children tend to be:• Less likely to form secure attachments, more impulsive,
aggressive, noncompliant, moody, low in self-esteem
Parenting Styles
• But, research is correlational– Does parenting cause traits in child? or do child’s
traits influence parenting style used by parents?
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