attitudes, values & ethics

Maeljen C. Mageguerid BA 217

A psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.

ATTITUDES

MODEL OF ATTITUDE

FFECTIVEPhysiological indicators Verbal statements about feelings.

I dislike my supervisor

EHAVIORALINTENSSIONS

Observed behavioralVerbal statements about intentions.

I’m looking for other work

OGNITIONAttitude scalesVerbal statements about beliefs

My supervisor is unfair.

a state of tension that is produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior.

Cognitive dissonance

DIRECT EXPERIENCE

Influences on Attitude Formation

SOCIAL LEARNING

the process of deriving attitudes from family, peer groups, religious organizations.

Attitude Specificity - a specific attitudeAttitude Relevance - some self-interestMeasurement Timing - measurement close to observed behaviorPersonality Factors - ex. self-monitoringSocial Constraints - acceptability

Attitude-behavior

Job SatisfactionA pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experience

Job Involvement Related to job satisfaction.Behavior that is above and

beyond duty

Work Attitudes: Job Satisfaction

Work Attitudes: Organizational Commitment

Organization commitment is the strength of an individual’s identification with an organization

Characteristics

Persuasion & attitude change

Source Characteristics- The persuader may have an impact on the target through expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness, and/or likability

Target Characteristics- The persuader may have difficulty persuading a target who has high self-esteem, who is resistant to change, or who is negative

Message Characteristics- People react either negatively or positively to the message content, as well as to the perceived intent of the persuader sending the message.

COGNITIVE ROUTES TO PERSUASION

MESSAGE

LOW ELABORATION

HIGH ELABORATION

CAREFUL PROCESSING

ABSENCE OF CAREFUL

PROCESSING

Attitude changedepending on

quantity of arguments

Attitude changedepending on

quantity of arguments

Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence

VALUES

Instrumental - values that represent the acceptable behaviors to be used in achieving some end state or to reach a goal.

Examples: honesty, politeness, courage

Terminal - values that represent the goals to be achieved or the end states of existence

Examples: happiness, salvation, prosperity

VALUES

Achievement (career advancement)Concern for others (compassionate behavior)Honesty (provision of accurate information)Fairness (impartiality)

Work Values

Cultural Differences in Values

Chinese value an individual’s contribution to relationships in the work team

Americans value an individual’s contribution to task accomplishment

Handling Cultural Differences

Learn about others’ valuesAvoid prejudging business customsOperate legitimately within others’

ethical points of viewAvoid rationalizing “borderline”

actions with excusesRefuse to violate fundamental

valuesBe open and above board

Acting in ways consistent with one’s personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society

Ethical Behavior

Individual/Organizational Model of Ethical Behavior

Organizational Influences Codes of conduct Norms Modeling Rewards and punishments

Individual InfluencesValue systemsLocus of controlMachiavellianismCognitive moral development

EthicalBehavior

Values, Ethics, and Ethical Behavior

Value Systems – systems of beliefs that affect what the individual defines as right, good, and fair

Ethics – reflects the way values are acted out

Ethical Behavior – actions consistent with one’s values

Locus of Control

Locus of Control - personality variable that affects individual behavior

Internal - belief in personal control and personal responsibility

External - belief in control by outside forces (fate, chance, other people)

A personality characteristic indicating one’s willingness to do whatever it takes to get one’s own way

Machiavellianism

Cognitive Moral Development - the process of moving through stages of maturity in terms of making ethical decisions

Cognitive Moral Development

Level lPremoral

Level llConventional

Level lllPrincipled