automated power dist board
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ABSTRACT
An Automated distribution board is a component of an
electricity supply system which automatically divides and control
electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a
protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit, in a common
enclosure. The traditional board is an assembly of panels, each of
which contains switches that allow electricity to be redirected.
Inside the power distribution board is a bank of busbars -
generally wide strips of copper to which the switchgear is
connected. These act to allow the flow of large currents through
the switchboard, and are generally bare and supported by
insulators.
This seminar work discusses the design of an automated power
distribution board incorporating a switchboard, which is usually
found connected in or around the switchyard. The design is
advancement to the type we have had in the past where an
operator has to go around the switch board in order to control
power supply to various areas connected to the station. Here, an
electronic circuit built around a programmable microcontroller
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity) -
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
The need for power regulation and distribution has brought about
many technological renovations in the power industry. It is
therefore required that power should be regulated, distributed
and inter-switched between different loads without damage to the
equipments. The automated power distribution board is one
among the new technology that can handle the inter-switching
between different loads via the same control system without
damaging the equipments involved.
A distribution board (or panelboard) is a component of an
electricity supply system which divides an electrical power feed
into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit
breaker for each circuit, in a common enclosure. Normally, a main
switch, and in recent boards, one or more Residual-current
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devices (RCD) or Residual Current Breakers with Overcurrent
protection (RCBO), will also be
The automated distribution board as the name implies
incorporates a small electronic device that can be used to switch
on to different loads. For example, in offices and factories, lights
near windows may be turned off without affecting those farther
from the windows. The night watchman or cleaning crew may
control all the lights in the building from one or two points. And
the ever watchful foreman may turn off small machines from his
desk during lunch. Added to all these features is the reduction of
the danger of shock.
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OBJECTIVES
The automated power distribution board is a type that can be
automatically operated stand alone or from the computer system.
A program is written on the computer with a comprehensive
graphic user interface that ensures user friendliness. Icons and
text are displayed on the program so that a user can click on any
of them and the corresponding function is carried out
immediately. More importantly is that the program can be written
as a thread and stored in the microcontroller memory so that the
process can be carried out accordingly. The main objective of the
work is to design a convenient environment which allows
manipulation of electricity distribution to different areas from one
computer terminal.
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IMPORTANCE
Some major importance of this design is listed below;
1. It ease the stress of going around a switchyard or switchbox
to control power supply to different areas
2. The user can click on a button found on the graphic user
interface which initializes an already existing program
thereby making the whole process easy and interesting.
3. Furthermore, the operator can have a schedule of duration
at which power gets to each of the areas by just writing a
small program
4. Finally, switching power ON or OFF to various areas with this
device is very fast and eliminates the problems of arcing
encountered with the use of ordinary mechanical switches.
APPLICATION
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When built as a project, it can be used in electricity distributing
stations from where power is supplied to different areas in a
community or town. The project itself is an interface with
connections for input and output devices. There are two inputs
which are the AC power line supply and the computer interface
connector (parallel port connector). The device also has six output
terminals which can be connected to supply power to six different
areas. The power supply in this case can come from a generating
station into the interface device where it is now switched to
different areas of choice from the computer system.
To use this device in distributing power to six different areas, the
following steps are followed
1. Plug the power supply cord to a power source or generator
2. Connect the parallel or serial port cable to the parallel or
serial port interface on the computer
3. Now write a program using the ASM compiler, compile and
store it in the memory of the microcontroller.
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4. Turn on the switch on the interface, at this point, an
indicator lamp comes on. The program starts and power is
supplied to the various points as specified in your program.
5. You can also control directly from the computer, Run the
interface program on the computer system connected to the
device
6. Click on any of the icon button to see the effect on the
device
7. If an area e.g. area A, is turned on from the computer, a
lamp on the project board comes on indicating that power is
been supplied to that area while others remain off showing
that they are not yet turned ON from the computer.
8. Other buttons corresponding to the areas can also be clicked
and the same output is gotten on their indicator.
9. Furthermore, the user can decide to click other buttons
which can turn on more than one device at a time.
10. Also some button can be clicked to run an already
scheduled program which can distribute the power evenly to
all the areas over a specific duration.
11.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
This work illustrates the importance of using a automation in
the supply of power to various areas in a particular location. It can
refer to the automatic power supply to various departments
around the campus. In one of his articles, John Runyon explains
the various importance of using a computer and automation in
controlling devices and appliances in homes and outdoors. Among
many is the ease with which so many devices can be controlled
automatically from a computer system. He also mentions that
computer control can only be achieved with the aid of a hardware
interface and a program running on the computer system.
Early 1961, John Heater, according to the result of his
research earlier in 1960, was able to build a computer interface
device (smart box) that can be connected to the computer and its
different output of various voltages can be used to turn ON and
OFF electric motors attached to them. This smart box comes with
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a software program which must be installed on the computer
before communication can be effective.
In 1982, a student from Harvard University built a
multipurpose computer/electronics interface with a USB
connection to the computer and 220v ac output at different
output terminals. This output was connected to power different
laboratories in the school. With this interface and its program
installed on a computer system, a power supply routine program
can be designed on the computer so that home appliances
connected to it can be switched ON and OFF just with a click on
the computer.
Today, these interfaces have been so upgraded that they can
communicate devices without any wire connection running from
the interface to the appliances. This aim was achieved with the
advent of infrared and radio wave transmission of signal. In both
cases, information is transmitted from one point to another
through space thereby totally eliminating the use of wires. There
are various computer/electronics interface device in the market
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for sell. One can buy any and easily install them by connecting it
between the computer and appliances.
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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Basically, research on this work (automated power distribution
board) was done both on the internet and on various
Electrical/Electronic textbooks. Finally, we arrived at designing six
partitions on a board which represents six different sections to
which power will be supplied. Using FEDPONEK as our case study,
these six sections may represent six blocks or departments in the
institutions e.g. Admin Block, Student Affairs Block, School of
Engineering Technology, School of Business and Management
Technology, School of Environmental Design, and Hostels. The
control circuit and computer interface will be located at one side
of the same board with two connectors running out. These
connectors are for power and computer parallel port connection.
Also on each of the above mentioned six partitions, electric bulbs
are situated as indicators to show that power has gotten to any of
the areas. Finally, a program will be designed on the computer
with Java programming language from which we can control the
flow of power to each of these six areas.
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THE PROPOSED DESIGN
Junction Box
Indicator lamp
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COMPUTER
INTERFACE
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The above diagram is a picture of our design for this work. The
control of each bulb above represents the supply of power to the
six areas mentioned above. Each of the individual lamp can be
operated automatically from a stored program or from the
computer via the program. Also, the program allows the user to
switch ON more than one lamp at a time meaning that all the
combinations needed to switch theses lamps have been included
in the program. The electrical connection between the computer
and the board is possible with the interface. Below is the diagram
of the electronics circuit found inside the interface;
One of the major protective devices to the power
distribution board is the high power circuit breaker:
For reasons ofaesthetics and security, circuit breaker panels are
often placed in out-of-the-way closets, attics, garages, or
basements, but sometimes they are also featured as part of the
aesthetic elements of a building (as an art installation, for
example) or where they can be easily accessed. However, current
US building codes prohibit installing a panel in a bathroom (or
similar room), in closets intended for clothing, or where there is
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insufficient space for a worker to access it. Specific situations,
such as an installation outdoors, in a hazardous environment, or
in other out-of-the-ordinary locations may require specialized
equipment and more stringent installation practices.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electricalswitch
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by
overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately
discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit
breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear
designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
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J2
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Q1 Q2Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
U1A
U1B
U1C
U1D
U1E
U1F
7
8
9
10
11
12
R713
R8
R914
R1015
R1116
R1217
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
VCC
00 0 0 0 0
K
K1
K
K2
K
K3
K
K4
K
K5
K
K6
2627
29 30
3125
VCC
Fig; circuit diagram of the computer interface
COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION AND VALUES
J2 = Computer Parallel Port Interface
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R1-R6 = 330 ohm Resistors
R7-R12 = 560 ohm Resistors
U1A-U1F = CD4050 Hex Buffer
Q1-Q6 = H9014 NPN Transistors
K1-k6 = 12v single pole, double throw DC Relay
D1-D6 = IN4001 Diodes
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
On the left of the diagram above is a computer parallel port
interface (DSUB25M). Six bit information coming from the
computer is sent via this interface through 330 ohm resistors
each to the six input terminals of a Hex buffer (4050BT). The six
output terminals of this buffer are connected to the base
terminals of six transistors whose collectors also connect to drive
six different relays. One of the unconnected terminals of the relay
is connected to incoming 220v AC live terminal while the other is
connected to the live terminal connecting the area. So when any
of these relay is energized, the load (Area) connected to it is
powered.
Apart from the 220v ac power supply going directly to the loads
via a relay, the entire circuit gets its power supply from a 12v DC
power pack. This pack gets input from the same AC source
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mentioned above, rectify and filter it before sending it to the
circuit. Below is the circuit diagram of the 12v DC power supply;
T1D1
1
2
4
3
1
2
C1J13
4
Fig; circuit diagram of the power supply
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CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The seminar work has successfully discussed the design of a
simple automated power distribution board. As already
mentioned, an automated power distribution board is a
component of electric installation which divide, supply and control
electric power feed to other subsidiary circuits. The aim of this
work was achieved by designing a prototype switchboard on a
plywood with six partitions representing six different areas to
which electric power should be fed. The automation was made
possible by connecting the switchboard through an interface
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circuit described in chapter three to a general purpose computer.
With the aid of a program designed in the computer with Java
language, the switching of power from the distribution board to
other sub circuit is possible by just clicking an icon. Also a
subroutine program can be initiated which can automatically
control power supply without a human operator.
It is very clear that this work is in line with the technology
advancement going on in developed countries. It is hereby
recommended that Nigeria and other African countries embrace
and introduce this method of power supply to its power sector.
This will go a long way to reduce stress of going around switching
and monitoring power supply as everything can now be done just
from one computer.
REFERENCE
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Horowitz, Paul and Hill, Winfield, The Art of Electronics,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Electronics Fault Diagnosis
G.C loveday
Theraja, B. L. and Theraja A. K. A Textbook of Electrical
Technology(coloured editon), New Delhi: Rajindra and Ravendra
Press, 2003.
http//www.wikkipedia.com
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Chapter one
Background
Problem statement
Aim of research
Justification of research
Scope of work
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