awm and livelihoods in the crop livestock systems of the volta basin
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AWM and livelihoods in the crop-livestock systems of the Volta Basin
S. Douxchamps, E.K. Panyan, A. Kaboré, B. Sawadogo, F.K. Avornyo, K. Ouattara, N. Karbo, A. Ayantunde
introduction material & methods results conclusions
introduction
Background
▪ livelihood: means of securing the basic necessities for life (food, water, shelter, clothing).
▪ AWM increases livelihoods by↑ agricultural productivity, ↑nutrition and health, ↑ employment and income↓ risks and vulnerability…
▪ evidences are scarce
▪ quantification of impact of AWM on livelihoods is a challenge
introduction
Background
▪ livelihood: means of securing the basic necessities for life (food, water, shelter, clothing).
▪ AWM increases livelihoods by↑ agricultural productivity, ↑nutrition and health, ↑ employment and income↓ risks and vulnerability…
▪ evidences are scarce
▪ quantification of impact of AWM on livelihoods is a challenge
Hypotheses
Objective
▪ to characterize crop-livestock households in four contrasting sites in the dry areas of the Volta Basin in terms of access to water and to services and information, AWM practice and livelihoods
▪ to explore and quantify the linkages between these characteristics
AWM practice ↑ Livelihoods ↑ Access to waterAccess to services and information
Sampling
▪ 4 sites ~ N-S gradient and access to market
▪ 4 villages/site ~ population density access to water infrastructuresinvolvement in projectsconflict free community
▪ 25 households/village ~ crop-livestock farmingrandom
→ final sample size: 326 households
Survey
▪ household composition ▪ household assets (land, livestock, farm and domestic assets) and housing condition▪ income▪ food consumption▪ AWM practices ▪ water sources ▪ access to services and information on AWM
material & methods
(Source: GLOWA) Njuki et al., 2011
material & methods
Indicators
Dimension IndicatorsRange or percentage
of total
Income Income (USD) 0 - 9306Sources of income 0 - 8
Assets Assets (USD) 0 - 5280Housing index 1 - 6Land assets (ha) 0 - 31Livestock assets (TLU) 0 - 69
Food security Food consumption score 10 - 93
Practice Intensity -3 - 21
Training 17Services 31Weather 21Sources of information 0 - 5
Access for livestock 0 - 5Sources crop-livestock 0 - 10
Labour Labour 0 - 105
Access to information and services
Access to water
∑ Quality factorii = 1
5
∑ (Frequencyi [days/week] * Factori)i = 1
12
Njuki et al., 2011; Sullivan et al., 2008
∑ Intensityii = 1
14
∑ Frequencyii = 1
33
Scaling: xi-xmin xmax-xmin
results
Livelihoods
Country Sitemean SD mean SD mean SD
Burkina Faso Ouahigouya 5.3 4.2 3.4 3.2 52 13Koubri 5.4 4.6 6.3 8.6 39 10
Ghana Lawra 2.8 1.7 3.4 3.1 51 16Tolon-Kumbugu 5.0 4.4 5.5 6.7 47 19
TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit
Food consumptionLivestock assets (TLU)Land assets (ha)
Country Sitemedian range mean SD median range mean SD
Burkina Faso Ouahigouya 99 0 - 3168 1.3 0.7 393 0 - 3012 2.1 0.5Koubri 238 0 - 9306 2.6 1.2 882 0 - 4138 2.2 0.6
Ghana Lawra 19 0 - 1617 1.8 1.2 145 0 - 5280 2.8 0.9Tolon-Kumbugu 367 0 - 5952 2.6 1.2 269 0 - 3603 2.6 0.9
Assets value (USD)Income (USD) Sources of income Housing index
0102030405060708090
100
% o
f hou
seho
lds
AWM practice
0102030405060708090
100
AWM impact
Ouahigouya
Koubri
Lawra
Tolon-Kumbugu
results
AWM practice and impact
(Source: CILSS) (Source: CILSS)
a b c b a ab
a a a a a a
b a a b a a
results
Linkages
a b c a ab b
a a b a a a
b b a a ab b
results
Linkages
conclusions
Key messages
▪ Most of the farmers perceived a strong positive impact of AWM strategies on their livelihoods
▪ Diversity of sources of water and diversity of sources of information played a major role in increasing the intensity of AWM practice
▪ Income would increase for 75% of smallholder crop-livestock farmers of the basin, if access to services and information would be improved
▪ Enabling vs. limiting factor: labour capacities available for water-related activities
▪ Access to water increased food security
▪ Important proportion of the variation in the data set was not explained: include additional environmental factors as well as field measurements
(Source: Deserto Verde Burkinabé)
conclusions
Thank you!
results
Access to water and to services and information
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Trained in AWM
Service available
Information on weather
% o
f hou
seho
lds
Ouahigouya
Koubri
Lawra
Tolon-Kumbugu0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Information Water
Ouahigouya
Koubri
Lawra
Tolon
Diversity of sources
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Distance to water source
Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Distance to water source
Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu
1 2 3 4
Proportion of the variation explained 0.164 0.136 0.101 0.093Cumulative proportion 0.164 0.300 0.401 0.494
Dimension Indicators
Income Income (USD) 0.446Sources of income 0.382
Assets Assets (USD) 0.448Housing index 0.251Land assets (ha) 0.404Livestock assets (TLU) -0.454
Training -0.365 -0.449Services -0.415 -0.359Weather -0.369 -0.324Sources of information 0.641
Access for livestock -0.309Sources crop-livestock -0.381 0.436
Practice Intensity -0.326 0.396 0.334
Labour Labour -0.419 0.304
Principal components
Access to information and services
Access to water
results
PCA loadings
results
Sources of information
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu
% o
f hou
seho
lds
Crop management
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu
% o
f hou
seho
lds
Livestock management
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu
% o
f hou
seho
lds
Rainwater management
Government NGO Farmer/farmer group
Paravets Private entrepreneur Research organisation
Radio TV
results
Effect of the site
Livelihood Practice Access LabourOuahigouya a a bc aKoubri b a a aLawra ab a bc bTolon-Kumbugu a a c b
P 0.005 ** 0.022 * 0.000 *** 0.000 ***
Different letters within the same columns indicate s ignifi cantly different means (P<0.05, Tukey HSD test).
results
Sources of water for livestock consumption
0102030405060708090
100
Cold dry Hot dry Rainy
% o
f hou
seho
ld b
enefi
ting
from
the
wat
er so
urce
Seasons
Ouahigouya
Rainwater
Open well
Hand pumped well
River/stream
Standing pool
Pipe
Dam
Small reservoir
Borehole0
102030405060708090
100
Cold dry Hot dry Rainy
Seasons
Koubri
Rainwater
Open well
Hand pumped well
River/stream
Standing pool
Pipe
Dam
Small reservoir
Borehole
0102030405060708090
100
Cold dry Hot dry Rainy
% o
f hou
seho
ld b
enefi
ting
from
the
wat
er so
urce
Seasons
Lawra
Rainwater
Open well
Hand pumped well
River/stream
Standing pool
Pipe
Dam
Small reservoir
Borehole0
102030405060708090
100
Cold dry Hot dry Rainy
Seasons
Tolon-Kumbugu
Rainwater
Open well
Hand pumped well
River/stream
Standing pool
Pipe
Dam
Small reservoir
Borehole
results
Labour calendar
0102030405060708090
100
% of
hous
ehold
s
Ouah rainy
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely0102030405060708090
100Ouah 2
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely0102030405060708090
100Ouah 3
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely
0102030405060708090
100
% of
hous
ehold
s
Ouah rainy
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely0102030405060708090
100Ouah 2
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely0102030405060708090
100Koubri 3
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely
0102030405060708090
100
% of
hous
ehold
s
Ouah rainy
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely0102030405060708090
100Ouah 2
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely0102030405060708090
100Lawra 3
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely
0102030405060708090
100
% of
hous
ehold
s
Ouah rainy
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely0102030405060708090
100Ouah 2
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely01020304050607080
Tolon 3
Daily
Every 3 weeks
Weekly
Every 2 weeks
Monthly
Rarely
Oua
higo
uya
Koub
riLa
wra
Tolo
n-Ku
mbu
gu
Rainy season Cold dry season Hot dry season
Fetc
hing
wat
er f
rom
the
wel
l
Fetc
hing
wat
er f
rom
the
river
Colle
cting
and
stor
ing
rain
wat
er
Clea
ning
wat
er c
onta
iner
s
Wat
erin
gliv
esto
ck
Wat
erin
gga
rden
Irrig
ating
crop
s
Appl
ying
wat
er h
arve
sting
tech
niqu
es
Fetc
hing
wat
er f
rom
the
wel
l
Fetc
hing
wat
er f
rom
the
river
Colle
cting
and
stor
ing
rain
wat
er
Clea
ning
wat
er c
onta
iner
s
Wat
erin
gliv
esto
ck
Wat
erin
gga
rden
Irrig
ating
crop
s
Appl
ying
wat
er h
arve
sting
tech
niqu
es
Fetc
hing
wat
er f
rom
the
wel
l
Fetc
hing
wat
er f
rom
the
river
Colle
cting
and
stor
ing
rain
wat
er
Clea
ning
wat
er c
onta
iner
s
Wat
erin
gliv
esto
ck
Wat
erin
gga
rden
Irrig
ating
crop
s
Appl
ying
wat
er h
arve
sting
tech
niqu
es
01020304050607080
Tolon 3
Daily Every 3 days Weekly Every 2 weeks Monthly Rarely
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