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Ay122a  

Week  1:    Units,  backgrounds,  ground-­‐based  

observing  considera:ons  

Ay122a    •  Instructors:  

–   Dimitri  Mawet    (1??  Cahill,  x1452,  dmawet@astro)  –   Chuck  Steidel      (252  Cahill,  x4168,    ccs@astro)  –   no  TA,  so  come  and  talk  to  us!    –  Class  website:  hOp://www.astro.caltech.edu/~dmawet/ay122                                  (will  be  up  over  the  weekend)  

•  Class  requirements:  –  Homeworks  (3-­‐4  problem  sets)    40%  

•  Standard  Caltech  collabora:on  policy:  you  may  discuss  the  problems  with  your  classmates  but  you  must  write  your  own  solu:ons  independently    

–  Paper+talk  (due  last  week  of  classes)  30%  •  More  details  as  soon  as  we  bring  up  the  web  page  (this  weekend)  

–  Final  exam  (30%)  •  Take-­‐home  variety,  during  exam  period  in  Dec.    

                                                       SOFIA    (2.7m  telescope  on  board  specially-­‐equipped  Boeing  747)  

“Op:cal”  (0.3-­‐1  micron)  Filters  

Standard  filters  for  use  in  calibra:ons  rela:ve  to  Vega,  but  not  really  intui:ve  for  anything  but  stars  at  z=0  

SDSS  filter  system:  §  “square”  bandpasses  §   AB  calibra:on  

§   e.g.,  m(u’)-­‐m(r’)=0  means  constant  flux  density  in  fν  units  

hOp://www.astronomy.ohio-­‐state.edu/~mar:ni/usefuldata.html  

Standard  stars:  Landolt  (1992)  AJ,104,340  (op:cal)                                                                    Persson  et  al  1998,  AJ,  116,2475  (NIR)  

Y J   H   K          Ks  

Ground-­‐based  Filters  IR  broad-­‐band  filters  are  designed  to  match  the  atmospheric  windows  

Spitzer/IRAC  Filters  

WISE  Filters  (all-­‐sky  survey)  

 Op$cal  Sky  Background  Signal  from  the  sky  background  is  present  in  every  pixel.      Because  each  instrument  generally  has  a  different  pixel  scale,  the  sky  brightness  is  usually  tabulated  for  a  site  in  units  of  mag/arcsecond2.  

˝  (mag/   2)  

Lunar age

(days)U B V R I

0 22.0 22.7 21.8 20.9 19.93 21.5 22.4 21.7 20.8 19.97 19.9 21.6 21.4 20.6 19.710 18.5 20.7 20.7 20.3 19.514 17.0 19.5 20.0 19.9 19.2

NaD  OH  

Hg  

OH  can  be  resolved  

Zodiacal  light  

atmosphere  

IR  Sky  Backgrounds  

Line  intensi:es  vary  on  :mescales  of  ~20-­‐200s  (as  well  as  spa:ally)    

Sky Background Variation Tests

17

(P200/Triplespec 220 x 600s exposures over 5 nights in April 2009

Wavelength

time

11 April 2011 MOSFIRE PSR v1.5

Sky Background Variation Tests

18

(P200/Triplespec 220 x 600s exposures over 5 nights in April 2009

H-band continuum spectral pixel vs. time (e-/sec) OH line pixel vs. time (e-/sec)

11 April 2011 MOSFIRE PSR v1.5

 Infrared  Sky  and  Thermal  Background  

Galac:c  100  micron  “Cirrus”  Emission  (IRAS  satellite,  1980s)  

Ex:nc:on  Curves  

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