bacterial transformation
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2007-2008
Bacterial Transformation
Lab 6A
Our Goals1. Insert foreign gene into plasmid2. Insert recombinant plasmid into
bacteria3. Grow transformed bacteria
Questions We Need Answered1. Did the bacteria take up the plasmid?2. If so, did the gene of interest get
inserted into the plasmid?
Analyzing our plates at the end of the lab will answer
these questions and tell us if we achieved our goals
Essential Knowledge
What must you know to understand this lab?
Antibiotic Resistance Resistant bacteria can survive in the
presence of antibiotics We will be using ampicillin Our plasmid is resistant to ampicillin
Lac-Z gene Lactose = glucose + galactose Lactose is broken down by the Lac-Z
gene Lac-Z will also digest similar
compounds
X gal X gal is a compound that is similar to
lactose X gal turns blue when it is digested by
the Lac-Z gene
Engineered Plasmids We will be using pBlue
Lac-Z gene
Ampicillin Resistancegene
Restriction Enzymes Our plasmid DNA and our foreign DNA
arrive pre-cut by the same restriction enzyme
The restriction enzyme made a single cut in the plasmid
The restriction site is within the lac-Z gene
Lac-Z gene
Ampicillin Resistancegene
Restriction site
We will be using 3 types of agar1. LB2. LB + amp3. LB + amp + X gal
Each Group Will Run Six Plates
LB- plasmid
LB/amp- plasmid
LB/am/X-gal
- plasmid
LB+ plasmid
LB/amp+ plasmid
LB/am/X-gal
+ plasmid
How will we know if we are successful?
LB Plates There is nothing in the LB agar to
interfere with growth. Growth on both the + and – plates
indicates the bacteria are alive and well. A “lawn” is too many colonies to count
- plasmid + plasmid
What if nothing grows on either LB plate?
LB/amp Plates Only bacteria that have taken up the
plasmid will grow on the plates with ampicillin
How do you know?
If the plasmid is inserted into the bacteria, it will become antibiotic resistant and
will grow on the ampicillin plate
LB + amp
only transformed bacteria grow
LB/amp Plates No growth on – confirms ampicillin is working because
bacteria without the plasmid are not resistant and die Bacteria growing on + contain the plasmid and are
amp resistant
- plasmid + plasmid
LB/amp Plates Would you expect isolated colonies or
a lawn on the + ? Why?
What if your – shows unexpected growth?
Can you tell by looking at + which ones are recombinant?
LB/amp Plates
LB/amp/X-gal Color of colonies on X-gal plate will tell you if gene of
interest has been inserted into the plasmid or not Blue colonies indicate Lac Z gene is digesting X-gal White colonies indicate Lac Z gene in not functioning
LB/amp/X-gal If ends of lac Z gene come back
together and are resealed by DNA ligase during the transformation process, the Lac Z gene will be functional and will turn X gal blue.
LB/amp/X-gal If the gene of interest is successfully inserted
between the free ends of the plasmid, the Lac Z gene will be “broken”.
If the Lac Z gene is interrupted, X-gal will not be digested and the colonies will remain white
If the foreign DNA is inserted into the plasmid,
The Lac-Z gene will be interrupted and bacteria will stay white
recombinantplasmid
ampresistance
“broken”LacZ gene
insertedgeneof interest
LB + amp + X gal
Blue vs. White on X-gal PlateBacteria take up plasmidFunctional LacZ geneX gal is being digestedBacteria make blue color
Bacteria take up recombinant plasmidNon-functional LacZ geneX gal is NOT being digestedBacteria stay white color
What if you just see blue colonies on + ? Should you ever see blue colonies on - ? Should you see isolated colonies or a
lawn on the X gal plate? Why?
- plasmid + plasmid
What do we really want to see?
White Colonies on X-gal !
LB + amp + X gal
SUCCESS!
AnyQuestions?
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