banner and the sql select statement: part one (a first example)

Banner and the SQL Select Statement: Part One (A First Example)

Mark HollidayDepartment of Mathematics and

Computer ScienceWestern Carolina University

30 September 2005 and 7 October 2005(updated: 2 November 2005)

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Lynn Franz and Stan Hammer for their suggestions, slides, handouts, and time.

Thanks to Larry Hammer for suggesting this project.

Presentation Slides

http://cs.wcu.edu/~holliday/LectureNotes/Banner/BannerSqlSelectPart1.ppt

Outline The Goal The Concepts

A First Example Single Table Selects Joins Multiple Connected Select Statements

The Goal

Generate a report that answers a question about the data in Banner.

Banner => Query => Report

A First Example

Outline The Relational Model: Single Table Lab 1: TOAD, Schema Browser Some Structured Query Language (SQL)

Basics Lab 2: TOAD, SQL Editor

Single Table Selects

Outline WHERE clause: single condition, multiple

conditions Lab 3: Order By; Aggregate Functions Lab 4: Group By; Having Lab 5:

Joins

Outline Why multiple tables? Inner Joins Lab 6: Outer Joins Lab 7:

Multiple Connected Select Statements

Outline Set Operators Lab 8: Subqueries

Use directly: FROM clause Use as a set: new operators Use as a single value: aggregate functions

Lab 9: A Query Development Methodology

The Relational Model: Single Table

Banner is a database application running on Oracle.

Oracle is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

A RDBMS implements the relational model.

RDBMSRDBMS Flavors??? (Franz/Hammer/Holliday)

Ingres,Postgres

Oracle

MS Access

DB2, Informix

Microsoft SQL Server

ANSI SQL/92ANSI SQL/92

MySQL

Relational Database Model (Hammer)

Relational comes from set theory’s relation

2127JamisonErnie2

3210ChamberlinBrian3

2929HammerStan1

PhoneLastName

FirstName

ID Sets are called tables (or relations) and table elements are rows; rows consists of columns (or attributes)

Set of

Employees

i.e. all rows inEmployeetable

EMPLOYEE TABLE

A sample table structure:A sample table structure: (Franz)(Franz)

Constraints Constraints (Franz)(Franz)

What are (column) constraints?

A constraint is basically a rule associated with a column that the data entered into that column must follow.

When tables are created, it is common for one or more columns to have constraints associated with them.

Various constraints can be placed upon the individual columns.

Constraints Constraints (Franz)(Franz)

The three most common constraints are:

• "unique" -- specifies that no two records can have the same value in a particular column; they must all be unique

• "not null" -- specifies that a column can't be left blank

• "primary key" -- defines a unique identification of each record (or row) in a table

Some Banner Tables Some Banner Tables (Franz)(Franz)

Telephone Info

SPRTELE

Personal Info

SPBPERS

Addresses

SPRADDR

People(students, staff, faculty)

SPRIDENUnique identifier - PIDM

People(students, staff, faculty)

SPRIDENUnique identifier - PIDM

Addresses

SPRADDR

Personal Info

SPBPERS

Telephone Info

SPRTELE

Advantages of relational databases are:Advantages of relational databases are: (Franz/Hammer)(Franz/Hammer)

Built-in multilevel integrity Duplicates are removed Primary keys are enforced Valid relationships between tables

Logical and Physical data independence from the database applications

Changes to logical database design and/or changes by vendor to the database’s physical implementation do NOT adversely affect applications built upon it

Advantages of relational databases (cont.)Advantages of relational databases (cont.) (Franz/Hammer)(Franz/Hammer)

Data consistency and accuracyYou can impose various levels of

integrity within the database

Easy data retrievalInformation can be viewed in an almost

unlimited number of ways [either from one table or multiple related tables]

Laboratory One Objectives:

See TOAD (Tool for Oracle Application

Development) Schema Browser

Steps Starting Toad Overall Appearance Using the Schema Browser

Laboratory One: Starting Toad Desktop Icon or Start, Programs, Quest Software, TOAD

Useful Documents: Toad User’s Guide Toad Getting Started Guide shortcuts not currently working

Connect to the Banner database TRNG data set TRAINXX username

Laboratory One: Starting Toad Connect to Banner RDBMS

TRNG database TRAINXX username

Once in Banner do File/End Connection File/Start Connection

Laboratory One: Appearance Your new home! Lots of stuff! Three key tools are opened by default

SQL Editor (top window in middle) discussed in the later laboratories

SQL Modeler (underneath window in middle) used to graphically create a SQL statement not discussed further

Schema Browser (right side)

Laboratory One: Appearance Minimize or close the SQL Editor and SQL

Modeler Maximize the Schema Browser

two panes appear two text fields above the left pane

Top left text field specifies the table owner defaults to TRAINxx no tables shown

Laboratory One: Schema Browser Change table owner to SATURN

main table owner in Banner many tables are now listed in the left pane in

alphabetical order Second text field is used to narrow the list of

tables shown in the left pane * is the wildcard that matches any string

=> all tables listed

Laboratory One: Schema Browser Change the second text field to S*

the left pane now only lists the tables owned by SATURN that start with a S character

In the left pane select the SPRIDEN table the right pane now shows information about this

table many tabs (focus on just a few)

Laboratory One: Schema Browser Default right pane tab: Columns

shows the table structure row for each column in the table column name, data type, whether can be null, …

Data tab: the data (row values) in the current instance of the SPRIDEN table

Minimize or close the schema browser

Laboratory One: SQL Editor Maximize the SQL Editor window Alternatively, open from the Database tab

along the top of the Toad window

top pane is where you enter a SQL statement press the Execute Current Stmt icon

leftmost icon in toolbar (looks like a page) The result set (table) appears in the bottom

pane

WHAT IS SQL? (Hammer)

Structured Query Language to create and manipulate data Query language of relational databases Pronounced: “es queue el” Commonly: “sequel” Ubiquitous, de facto standard

SQL (Hammer)

Set-based language Can operate on an entire table, or multiple

tables all at once Declarative Language (non-procedural);

express what you want without details about where or how data is located

SQL is Not a procedural language Use PL-SQL or Visual Basic w/SQL

A Procedural Language is a computer language where the programmer specifies an explicit sequences of steps to follow to produce a result

Using SQL Stand-alone SQL statements

issue explicitly report generation ---- US!

Embedded within a Host Language needed sometimes (cursors) Oracle: PL/SQL Java/JDBC (Java DataBase Connectivity)

SQL Statements: Sublanguages (Franz)

DDL ( Data Definition Language )1. create and destroy databases2. create and destroy database objects

(tables)3. alter tables

DML ( Data Manipulation Language ) --- US!

DDL (Data Definition Language) DDL (Data Definition Language) (Franz/Holliday)(Franz/Holliday)

CREATE DATABASE Banner

This statement creates an empty database named "employees" on your DBMS (DataBase Management System).

CREATE TABLE spriden (spriden_first_name varchar2(15), spriden_last_name varchar2(60) not null, spriden_pidm number(8, 0) not null)

Data Types Data Types (Franz/Hammer)(Franz/Hammer)

Number value with a maximum number of digits of "size" total, with a maximum number of "d" digits to the right of the decimal.

number(size,d) Date value date

Number value with a max number of column digits specified in parenthesis.

number(size)

Variable-length character string. Max size is specified in parenthesis.

varchar(size)

Fixed-length character string. Size is specified in parenthesis. Max 255 bytes.

char(size)

DDL continued….. DDL continued….. (Franz/Holliday)(Franz/Holliday)

DROP TABLE spriden

DROP DATABASE banner

These last two commands are dangerous!

(You will not be using any of these commands in Banner except possibly with views which will be discussed much later)

Some SQL Basics DDL ( Data Definition Language )

1. DML ( Data Manipulation Language ) types of updates

insert delete modify

retrieve (read-only; select statement) -- US!

DML (Data Manipulation Language)DML (Data Manipulation Language)

INSERT INTO spriden

(spriden_pidm, spriden_first_name, sprident_last_name, spriden_mi)

values (12345678, ‘john’, ‘smith’, null)

DML (Data Manipulation Language)DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DELETE FROM spriden SWHERE S.spriden_last_name = ‘Jones’

UPDATE spriden SSET S.spriden_last_name = ‘Thompson’WHERE S.spriden_pidm = 12345678

DML: SELECT Statement DML: SELECT Statement (Franz)(Franz)

SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] column1[,column2]

FROM table1[,table2]

[WHERE "conditions"]

[GROUP BY "column-list"]

[HAVING "conditions”]

[ORDER BY "column-list" [ASC | DESC] ]

SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] (franz)

SELECT spriden_last_name FROM spriden

This statement would retrieve all the last names in spriden.

If ‘distinct’ was omitted, (i.e., ALL was the default) these records might appear:

SELECT DISTINCT spriden_last_name FROM spriden

Conversely, if ‘distinct’ was specifically used, duplicate records would disappear:

WilsonWilson

ThompsonSmithSmithSmithJones

spriden_last_name

Wilson

Thompson

Smith

Jones

spriden_last_name

SELECT * (franz)

Asterisk is used as a wildcard.The statement below will select all columns and rows in our table.

SELECT *FROM stvethn

Below is a subset of the data returned from this query:

…Asian or Pacific Islander O

……

Amer Indian/Alaskan Native I

…White, Not of Hispanic OriginW …STVETHN_DESC STVETHN_CODE

SELECT Statement (franz)SELECT Statement (franz)

SELECT "column_name" FROM "table_name"

As we saw previously, the SELECT keyword allows us to grab all information from a column (or columns) on a table. Depending upon how the data is structured, there may be redundancies. To select each DISTINCT element, we add DISTINCT after SELECT.

SELECT DISTINCT "column_name" FROM "table_name"

Laboratory Two: Simple Select Objectives:

Lean to use the TOAD SQL Editor on a simple select statement

Steps Starting the SQL Editor Six example select statements

Laboratory Two: SQL Editor Maximize the SQL Editor window Alternatively, open from the Database tab

along the top of the Toad window

top pane is where you enter a SQL statement press the Execute Current Stmt icon

leftmost icon in toolbar (looks like a page) The result set (table) appears in the bottom

pane

Laboratory Two: SQL Editor English Query:

“Find the last names of all people.”

Enter in top pane Press the Execute One Stmt icon Observe result in bottom pane

Laboratory Two: SQL Editor SQL Query (first version):select saturn.spriden.spriden_last_namefrom saturn.spriden;

Laboratory Two: SQL Editor Second version:

select spriden.spriden_last_namefrom spriden;

Third version:

select s.spriden_last_namefrom spriden s;

Laboratory Two: SQL Editor fourth version:

select spriden_last_namefrom spriden;

a related, but different, query:

select distinct spriden_last_namefrom spriden;

Laboratory Two: SQL Editor Another example sql statement:

select * from stvethn;

Single Table Selects

Outline WHERE clause: single condition, multiple

conditions Lab 3: Aliases; Order By; Aggregate Functions Lab 4: Group By; Having Lab 5:

Joins

Outline Why multiple tables? Inner Joins Lab 6: Outer Joins Lab 7:

Multiple Connected Select Statements

Outline Set Operators Lab 7: Subqueries

Use directly: FROM clause Use as a set: new operators Use as a single value: aggregate functions

Lab 8: