barham, zambia batwa 2010 - · pdf file•cavalli-sforza 1986, genetically related to congo...
Post on 11-Mar-2018
216 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Who are the Batwa of Zambia?
An interdisciplinary perspec9ve
Prof Lawrence Barham School of Archaeology, Classics & Egyptology
• Smith & Dale 1920 • Breslford 1946,1956 • Lehman 1977 • Smith 1995, 2006 • Barham 2006
An old ques9on
• Cavalli-Sforza 1986, genetically related to Congo Basin HGs
• Expanded range, zone of interaction
• Testable hypothesis
An important ques9on
Mul9disciplinary answer?
• Ethnohistorical, archaeological & gene9c evidence combined
_______________________________________
1. Current and historic status 2. Prehistoric record (mid to late Holocene)
3. Future research
Batwa ‘Akafula’ Bushmen
?
Recent hunter-gatherers in Zambia
‘People who always move’
• Batwa – wetlands only: Bangweulu, Kafue, Lukanga, & Mweru (1) pre-Bantu HG population?
(2) transient fishermen/outcasts? (3) or Luba/Lunda refugees? • Akafula – eastern highlands: -‐ last recorded early 1900s
Oral history, eastern Zambia, Kunda & Bisa
• Akafula/Batwa expert hunters, mobile
• Accounts of conflict, trade
Twa fisherman, Bangweulu
• Colonial period: loss of fishing grounds, political marginalisation under chiefs (Haller & Merten 2008)
A history of marginalisa9on
• Post-independence: commercial fishing, immigrants, prostitution, HIV/AIDS, population decline (Gregerson nd)
• Today: Batwa as term of abuse: “Thieving, ugly, immoral, but good fishermen” (Unga comment, 2006)
Prehistoric forager/farmer interac9on
• ~100-‐1850 AD eastern Zambia • Luangwa Valley: fer9le soils, game-‐rich -‐ coexistence farmers & foragers
• ~300 AD-‐1600 AD (?) central/southern plateau -‐ chitemene (shiYing agriculture) on poor miombo soils
-‐ earlier displacement/assimila9on of foragers Miombo deciduous woodlands – Zambia, Malawi, s. Tanzania, n. Mozambique
Kakumbi spring SL13
Forager/farmer sequence
Farmers
HGs
Nachikufan III Industry, North of Zambezi 5000 BP – historic present
40 14C dates
~100 AD – 1850 AD
SL13
DNA sampling, Luangwa Valley deFilippo et al 2009
Limited forager/farmer intermarriage • mtDNA low maternal admixture: 5% Bisa, 3% Kunda
• Y – low paternal admixture: 3% Bisa, 3% Kunda • limited Twa and Sandawe gene flow to Bisa, Kunda &
symmetrical
Interpreta9on • Cultural separa9on & coexistence • Gradual ex9nc9on loss of land
Middle-‐Holocene skeletal data
• Gwisho A , Kafue flats, Zambia (Gabel 1965)
-‐ Cranial evidence: West-‐Central Africa ancestry, not Khoi-‐San (Morris & Ribot 2006)
Rock art – links to visual arts of Congo Basin (Smith 2006)
So, who are the Batwa?
• Long process of assimila9on & marginalisa9on • Zambezi as cultural/biological divide
• Batwa probably Congo Basin ancestry • But hypothesis s9ll to be tested: gene9cally & linguis9cally
• Bangweulu wetlands as future focus
Thank you:
National Heritage Conservation Commission, Zambia
Chiefs Kakumbi, Kapamba and Chiundapunde
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig
References • Barham, LS. 2006. Batwa in the mist. Before Farming 4, ar9cle 9. • Cavalli-‐Sforza, LL. 1986. African Pygmies. New York, Academic Press. • Brelsford, WV. 1946. Fishermen of the Bangweulu Swamps. Rhodes-‐Livingstone Ins9tute, 12. • Brelsford, WV. 1956. The Batwa in Tribes of Northern Rhodesia, pp. 96-‐99. Lusaka:
Government Printer. • deFilippo, C. (et al). 2009. Gene9c perspec9ves on forager-‐farmer interac9on in the Luangwa
Valley of Zambia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 141:382-‐394. • Gregerson, P. 1994 (nd). Human use of natural resources in the project area. WWF-‐Danida
Bangweulu Wetlands Project. Unpublished report. • Haller, T. & Merten, S. 2008. “We are Zambians – Don’t tell us how to fish!” Ins9tu9onal
change, power rela9ons and conflicts in the Kafue Flats fisheries in Zambia. Hum Ecol 36:699-‐715.
• Lehman, DA. 1977. The Twa: People of the Kafue Flats. The Kafue Basin Research Commiqee,University of Zambia.
• Morris, AG, & Ribot, I. 2006. Morphometric cranial iden9ty of prehistoric Malawians in the light of sub-‐Saharan African diversity. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 130:10-‐25.
• Smith, B. 2006. Reading rock art and wri9ng gene9c history. In Soodyall, H. (ed) The Prehistory of Africa, pp. 76-‐96.
• Smith, EW & Dale, AM. 1920. The Ila-‐speaking peoples of Northern Rhodesia. London: MacMillan.
top related