basal cell carcinoma incidence: the most common malignant skin tumor 75% predisposing factors:...
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Basal Cell CarcinomaBasal Cell CarcinomaIncidence:Incidence:
The most common malignant skin tumor The most common malignant skin tumor 75%75%
Predisposing Factors:Predisposing Factors:
Exposure to the sun (ultraviolet rays for Exposure to the sun (ultraviolet rays for long time 10-15 years) so more in maleslong time 10-15 years) so more in males
White or fair hair complexion peoples are White or fair hair complexion peoples are more affected (dark skin gave protection) more affected (dark skin gave protection)
Clinical PictureClinical Picture
Usually male above 40yearsUsually male above 40years
95% occur in the middle of the face,the 95% occur in the middle of the face,the angles of the triangle areangles of the triangle are
Tragus of the earTragus of the ear
Inner canthusInner canthus
Angle of the mouthAngle of the mouth
Clinical typesClinical types
1.1. Ulcerative typeUlcerative type
2.2. Nodular and cystic typeNodular and cystic type
3.3. Papillary typePapillary type
4.4. CicatrizingCicatrizing
5.5. SclerosingSclerosing
6.6. FissuringFissuring
7.7. PigmentedPigmented
8.8. Morphy tyeMorphy tye
ComplicationsComplications
1.1. Spread:Spread:a)a) Only by direct spread erode the surrounding Only by direct spread erode the surrounding
eye ball,cartilage,sinus,…..eye ball,cartilage,sinus,…..
b)b) Lymphatic and blood very rareLymphatic and blood very rare
2.2. Infection Infection that may cause cavernous that may cause cavernous sinus thrombosissinus thrombosis
3.3. HaemorrageHaemorrage erode large vessel may erode large vessel may cause fatal hgecause fatal hge
4.4. Epitheliomatous transformationEpitheliomatous transformation
BCC with palpable LNs!!!!BCC with palpable LNs!!!!
I.I. Secondary infection (tender and firm)Secondary infection (tender and firm)
II.II. Epitheliomatous transformation Epitheliomatous transformation (hard and not tender)(hard and not tender)
Causes of death in BCCCauses of death in BCC
I.I. Erosion of a large vessel lead to sever Erosion of a large vessel lead to sever uncontrollable hemorrhageuncontrollable hemorrhage
II.II. Direct intracranial extensionDirect intracranial extension
III.III. Inhalation pneumoniaInhalation pneumonia
Differential DiagnosisDifferential DiagnosisI.I. Infections Infections
– Non specific Non specific Chronic infectionChronic infectionInfected sebaceousInfected sebaceousMolluscum sebaceum simulate scc but Molluscum sebaceum simulate scc but disappear spontaneous within 2 months disappear spontaneous within 2 months
– Specific Specific TB TB Syphilis Syphilis ActinomycosisActinomycosisLeishmaniasisLeishmaniasisAnthraxAnthrax
Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
Traumatic ulcerTraumatic ulcer
Tumors ulceratedTumors ulcerated– Rodent ulcer (commonest)Rodent ulcer (commonest)– Epithelioma Epithelioma – MelanomaMelanoma– Deep tumor invade the skin Deep tumor invade the skin – Metastatic tumor Metastatic tumor
Locally Malignant Tumors
A d am an tim om a
A
B asa l ce ll ca rc in om a
B
C aro tid b od y tu m ors C arc in o id C ran yop h aryn g iom a
C
D esm oid
D
G ian t ce ll(os teoc las tom a)
G
localy M alignant tum ors
TreatmentTreatmentSurgerySurgery
Indications Indications – Diagnosis Diagnosis
small lesions excisional biopsysmall lesions excisional biopsylarge lesions incisional biopsylarge lesions incisional biopsy
– Treatment of small and advanced casesTreatment of small and advanced casessmall in dangerous areas as eyelidsmall in dangerous areas as eyelidadvanced involving bones advanced involving bones (sequestration)(sequestration)recurrence after irradiationrecurrence after irradiation
TreatmentTreatmentOperation Operation
Radical local excisionRadical local excision with safety with safety margin margin – 1 cm (in the face) all around and in depth. 1 cm (in the face) all around and in depth. – In areas like eye lid (6-8mm can be In areas like eye lid (6-8mm can be
accepted)accepted)– In areas other than the face (2cm) In areas other than the face (2cm)
Reconstruction after excisionReconstruction after excision – Grafts Less cosmeticsGrafts Less cosmetics– Flaps more cosmeticFlaps more cosmetic
TreatmentTreatmentRadiotherapyRadiotherapy
IndicationsIndications– Recurrence after surgeryRecurrence after surgery– Contraindication to surgery (unfit ,old Contraindication to surgery (unfit ,old
age)age)ContraindicationsContraindications– Small lesions near sensitive organsSmall lesions near sensitive organs– Advanced lesions invading bonesAdvanced lesions invading bones– Radio-resistant types Radio-resistant types
(pigmented,nodular,cystic(pigmented,nodular,cystic))
Squamous Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma
The second common skin cancer occur in The second common skin cancer occur in about 15 %about 15 %
Occur in areas with pre-malignant lesionsOccur in areas with pre-malignant lesions– Actinic keratosisActinic keratosis– RadiodermatitsRadiodermatits– Paget’s diseasePaget’s disease– Bowen’s diseaseBowen’s disease– Lupus vulgarisLupus vulgaris– Xeroderma pigmentosaXeroderma pigmentosa
Squamous Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma
It arise from the prickle cell layer of the It arise from the prickle cell layer of the dermisdermis
It is more in maleIt is more in male
Above 50 yearAbove 50 year
SitesSites– Face and head (away from sites of BCC)Face and head (away from sites of BCC)– MM of the mouth, anus, vagina and MM of the mouth, anus, vagina and
esophagusesophagus– Areas with sq metaplasia as lung , UBAreas with sq metaplasia as lung , UB
Squamous Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma
Start as nodule or ulcer grow rapidly in Start as nodule or ulcer grow rapidly in size and bleed on touch with LNsize and bleed on touch with LN
Clinical typesClinical types– UlcerativeUlcerative– NodularNodular– PapillaryPapillary– EczematousEczematous– FissuringFissuring– keratinizingkeratinizing
Marjolin UlcerMarjolin Ulcer
It is a squamous cell carcinoma It is a squamous cell carcinoma developing on top of old scardeveloping on top of old scar– VenousVenous– IschemicIschemic– NaturopathicNaturopathic– Post burnPost burn– Infective TB or $Infective TB or $– Sinus of ostomyelitisSinus of ostomyelitis
Marjolin UlcerMarjolin Ulcer
Characterized by different morphologyCharacterized by different morphology– The scar is devoid of nerves , vessels and The scar is devoid of nerves , vessels and
lymphaticlymphatic– No nerves no sensationNo nerves no sensation– No vessels so grow very slowly without No vessels so grow very slowly without
metastasesmetastases
Treatment is surgical excision with Treatment is surgical excision with safety margin taken from the scar tissue safety margin taken from the scar tissue not the ulcernot the ulcer
Squamous Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma
Confirm diagnosis by biopsy either Confirm diagnosis by biopsy either Excisional or incisionalExcisional or incisional
Radiotherapy for massive unresectable Radiotherapy for massive unresectable lesions or post operative after excision as lesions or post operative after excision as adjuvant therapyadjuvant therapy
Squamous Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma
Radical excision with safety marginRadical excision with safety margin– 1 inch in all direction followed by reconstruction1 inch in all direction followed by reconstruction– 5 mm could be enough in H&N5 mm could be enough in H&N
LNLN– If not palpable wait and seeIf not palpable wait and see– If palpableIf palpable
Mobile RNDMobile RNDFixed radiotherapyFixed radiotherapy
Radiotherapy for Radiotherapy for – massive unrespectable lesions massive unrespectable lesions – post operative after excision as adjuvant therapypost operative after excision as adjuvant therapy
Malignant Malignant MelanomaMelanoma
MelanomaMelanoma
Almost 30% of all melanomas arise in the Almost 30% of all melanomas arise in the head and neckhead and neck
Widespread use of sunscreen has not Widespread use of sunscreen has not lowered the incidence.lowered the incidence.
Incidence is increasing almost 5% per Incidence is increasing almost 5% per yearyear
Approximately 47,000 new cases in 2001Approximately 47,000 new cases in 2001
Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
Sun ExposureSun Exposure– Age, frequency, severity of exposure may play a roleAge, frequency, severity of exposure may play a role– Sunscreen use may not be protectiveSunscreen use may not be protective
Familial Melanoma / DNSFamilial Melanoma / DNS– Family members have almost 50% chance of Family members have almost 50% chance of
developing melanomadeveloping melanoma– Lesions may be multiple and in sun shielded areasLesions may be multiple and in sun shielded areas
Xeroderma PigmentosaXeroderma Pigmentosa– Predisposes to several types of skin cancerPredisposes to several types of skin cancer– Skin malignancies often appear by age 10Skin malignancies often appear by age 10
SunlightSunlight
UVB UVB (280-320nm)(280-320nm) – Causes direct DNA damageCauses direct DNA damage– Originally thought to be primary factorOriginally thought to be primary factor– Blocked by current sunscreensBlocked by current sunscreens
UVA UVA (320-400nm)(320-400nm) – Causes indirect DNA damage via free radicalsCauses indirect DNA damage via free radicals– Some now consider as more important than Some now consider as more important than
UVBUVB– Sunscreen has little UVA protectionSunscreen has little UVA protection
Types of MelanomaTypes of Melanoma
Superficial SpreadingSuperficial Spreading– Most commonMost common– Cells atypical but uniform in appearanceCells atypical but uniform in appearance
NodularNodular– Early invasion due to vertical growthEarly invasion due to vertical growth
Acral LentiginousAcral Lentiginous– Appears on palms and solesAppears on palms and soles– Histology shows heavily pigmented dendritic Histology shows heavily pigmented dendritic
processes in the basal layer processes in the basal layer
Types of MelanomaTypes of Melanoma
Lentigo Maligna MelanomaLentigo Maligna Melanoma– May remain in-situ for decadesMay remain in-situ for decades– Can spread along hair folliclesCan spread along hair follicles
DesmoplasticDesmoplastic– May lack pigmentMay lack pigment– Peri-neural invasion is classicPeri-neural invasion is classic– Histologic exam may show “school of fish” appearanceHistologic exam may show “school of fish” appearance
MucosalMucosal– Often lack melaninOften lack melanin– Conventional staging system does not applyConventional staging system does not apply– Site of lesion corresponds to prognosisSite of lesion corresponds to prognosis
Nasal cavity best prognosis, 31% at 5-yrsNasal cavity best prognosis, 31% at 5-yrsParanasal sinuses worst prognosis, 0% at 5-yrsParanasal sinuses worst prognosis, 0% at 5-yrs
DiagnosisDiagnosis
HistoryHistory– Family HistoryFamily History– Sun exposureSun exposure– Bleeding, painBleeding, pain
PhysicalPhysical– ABCDABCD
HistologyHistology– H&EH&E– S-100, HMB-45S-100, HMB-45
BiopsyBiopsy
ExcisionalExcisional– Recommended for small lesionsRecommended for small lesions– Margins of 2mmMargins of 2mm
IncisionalIncisional– For larger lesionsFor larger lesions– Does not alter draining lymphaticsDoes not alter draining lymphatics
PunchPunch– Same as incisionalSame as incisional
ShaveShave– ContraindicatedContraindicated
NeedleNeedle– ContraindicatedContraindicated
Clark stagingClark staging
Based upon histological level of invasionBased upon histological level of invasion
Level I – Level I – Epidermis only (in situ)Epidermis only (in situ)
Level II – Level II – Invades the papillary dermis, but not Invades the papillary dermis, but not to the papillary-reticular interfaceto the papillary-reticular interface
Level III – Level III – Invades to the papillary-reticular Invades to the papillary-reticular interface, but not into the reticular dermisinterface, but not into the reticular dermis
Level IV – Level IV – Into the reticular dermisInto the reticular dermis
Level V – Level V – Into subcutaneous tissueInto subcutaneous tissue
Breslow stagingBreslow staging
Based upon absolute depth of invasionBased upon absolute depth of invasion
Stage I – < 0.75 mmStage I – < 0.75 mm
Stage II – 0.76 – 1.5 mmStage II – 0.76 – 1.5 mm
Stage III – 1.51 – 4.0 mmStage III – 1.51 – 4.0 mm
Stage IV - > 4.0 mmStage IV - > 4.0 mm
AJCC stagingAJCC staging
AJCC stagingAJCC staging
AJCC stagingAJCC staging
Prognosis by AJCC stagePrognosis by AJCC stage
Stage IStage I– < 0.75 – 96 %< 0.75 – 96 %– 0.75 – 1.5 – 87 %0.75 – 1.5 – 87 %
Stage II Stage II – 1.5 – 2.49 – 75 %1.5 – 2.49 – 75 %– 2.5 – 3.99 – 66 %2.5 – 3.99 – 66 %– > 4.0 – 47 %> 4.0 – 47 %
Stage IIIStage III– One node 45 %One node 45 %– Two nodes < 20 %Two nodes < 20 %
Stage IVStage IV– 8 – 10 %8 – 10 %
Percentages are five year survival except stage IV lesions which Percentages are five year survival except stage IV lesions which represent one year survivalrepresent one year survival
Treatment - Stage ITreatment - Stage I
LabsLabs– LDHLDH
RadiologyRadiology– CXRCXR
ExcisionExcision– 1 cm margins1 cm margins
Adjunctive TherapyAdjunctive Therapy– NoneNone
Treatment - Stage IITreatment - Stage II
LabsLabs– LDHLDH
RadiologyRadiology– CXRCXR– Possible CT for metastasisPossible CT for metastasis– Possible LymphoscintigraphyPossible Lymphoscintigraphy
ExcisionExcision– 2 cm margins2 cm margins
Adjunctive TherapyAdjunctive Therapy– Possible elective neck dissectionPossible elective neck dissection– Possible sentinel lymph node biopsyPossible sentinel lymph node biopsy– Possible elective radiationPossible elective radiation
Treatment - Stage IIITreatment - Stage III
LabsLabs– LDHLDH
RadiologyRadiology– CXRCXR– CT neckCT neck– Possible CT abdomen, MRI brainPossible CT abdomen, MRI brain
ExcisionExcision– 2 cm margins2 cm margins– Remove in-transit lymphatic basinsRemove in-transit lymphatic basins– Neck dissection directed by siteNeck dissection directed by site
Posterolateral vs. Lateral vs. SupraomohyoidPosterolateral vs. Lateral vs. Supraomohyoid
Adjunctive TherapyAdjunctive Therapy– Probable radiotherapyProbable radiotherapy– Possible chemotherapyPossible chemotherapy
Treatment - Stage IVTreatment - Stage IV
LabsLabs– CBC, LFT’s, LDHCBC, LFT’s, LDH
RadiologyRadiology– CT Chest, Abdomen, PelvisCT Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis– MRI brainMRI brain
ExcisionExcision– 2 cm margins2 cm margins– Remove in-transit lymphatic basinsRemove in-transit lymphatic basins– Neck dissection directed by siteNeck dissection directed by site
Posterolateral vs. Lateral vs. SupraomohyoidPosterolateral vs. Lateral vs. Supraomohyoid
Adjunctive TherapyAdjunctive Therapy– Radiation therapyRadiation therapy– Consider chemotherapy as part of a clinical trialConsider chemotherapy as part of a clinical trial
Sentinel Lymph Node BiopsySentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Used to determine nodal status in low-risk Used to determine nodal status in low-risk tumorstumors
Allows for limited surgical morbidity.Allows for limited surgical morbidity.
Has prognostic value for patient outcomeHas prognostic value for patient outcome
Sentinel Lymph Node BiopsySentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
ProcedureProcedure– Preoperative lymph basin mapping using Preoperative lymph basin mapping using
lymphscintigraphy with Tc99lymphscintigraphy with Tc99– Preoperative injection of radiotracer allows for Preoperative injection of radiotracer allows for
intraoperative gamma counter localizationintraoperative gamma counter localization– Intraoperative injection of iosulfan blue allows Intraoperative injection of iosulfan blue allows
for visual detection of involved nodes.for visual detection of involved nodes.– Allows for detection of sentinel nodes in 88-Allows for detection of sentinel nodes in 88-
99% of patients depending on the study cited.99% of patients depending on the study cited.
RadiationRadiation
Indications include stage III or IV lesionsIndications include stage III or IV lesions
Patients with positive SLNB should be Patients with positive SLNB should be consideredconsidered
Decreases local recurrence rates to 85-Decreases local recurrence rates to 85-88%88%
Does not affect overall survivalDoes not affect overall survival
May be contraindicated for lesions near May be contraindicated for lesions near the eye or for midline lesionsthe eye or for midline lesions
ChemotherapyChemotherapy
Numerous therapy modalities existNumerous therapy modalities exist
No significant benefit has been found for No significant benefit has been found for any therapy to dateany therapy to date
Administration of chemotherapy should be Administration of chemotherapy should be done as part of an ongoing clinical trial.done as part of an ongoing clinical trial.
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