basic concepts: tissue. general terms anatomy: the study of the structure of an organism physiology:...

Basic Concepts: Tissue

General Terms

• Anatomy: The study of the structure of an

organism

• Physiology: The study of the function of the

living organism and its parts as well as the

chemical processes involved

• Related fields: Cytology, Histology, Osteology,

Myology, arthrology, neurology

Building Blocks of Anatomy: Tissue• Cells & Tissues of Human Body:

– 100 trillion individual cells (tissue= group of cells)

1) Function:– ingestion of nutrients– breakdown & utilization of nutrients; metabolic,

discharge of wastes– Reproduce themselves– Four Basic Types of Tissue:

• epithelium• connective tissue• nerve• muscle

Tissue• Epithelium

– Sheets of cells covering external surfaces of

the body & line cavities

– Cells; little intracellular substance, adhere,

avascular

– Function: Protection & Absorption

– Covering, Glandular, myoepithelium,

neuroepithelium

Tissue• Epithelium (cont.)

– Classified by cell layers:• simple epithelium (1 layer)

• stratified (2 or more layers)

– Classified by shape:• squamous (flat)- blood vessels, heart,

alveoli

• cubodial (cube-shaped)- thyroid gland

• columnar (cylindrical)- stomach, intestine

Tissue• Connective

– Types: Connective tissue proper, cartilage & bone

1) Connective tissue proper:• few living cells

• nonliving intracellular material

• 3 types of loose tissue: collagen (not stretchable), elastic (Stretch), reticular (like collagen)

• 2 types of dense tissue: (irregular & regular- tendons, ligaments)

A. Collagen Fibers

A. ReticularFibers

A. Elastic Fibers

B. Dense IrregularConnective

Tissue C. Dense RegularConnective

Tissue

A. Loose (3)

Connective Tissue

Tissue• Connective Tissue Proper (cont.)

– Tendon: regular connective tissue; attach muscle to bone

– Ligaments: regular connective tissue; connects bones and cartilage's

2) Cartilage:– rigid consistency, flexibility, slight elasticity

– form resistant to pressure (unlike CTP)

– composed of matrix (cytoplasm)

– 3 types: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous

Cartilage

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrous

Tissue

• Cartilage (cont.):

– Provides protection

– Shock absorber

– Covers bony surfaces within joints

– surrounded by Perichondrium

Tissue

3) Bone:

– Composed of cells in matrix containing collagen

– Matrix embedded in minerals

– Minerals: calcium phosphate & calcium carbonate

– surrounded by periostium

– Spongy• interconnecting cavities

– Compact• dense & devoid of cavities

Tissue• Joints:

–Union of bones to other bones

–3 types

• fibrous-bind immobile bodies together

• cartilaginous-binds with cartilage

• synovial-lubricating synovial fluid is contained in the articular capsule

Suture (fibrous)

Spheroid (Synovial)

Symphysis (Cartilaginous)

Symphysis (Cartilaginous)

?

Hinge (Synovial)

??

Tissue

• Nerve–Two types of cells

• Nerve–conduction & transmission

–10 billion

–Cell body, axon, dendrites

• Neuroglia–supports neuron

Nerve CellDendrites

Nucleus

Cell Body

Axon Hillock

Axon

Neuron

Lower Motor Neuron

Upper MotorNeuron

Purkinje

Stellate

Granule

Unipolar BipolarMultipolar

Axon

Axon

Axon

Dendrites

AxonHillock

Classification

Tissue

• Nerve (cont.)

–Classified as Motor or sensory

•Motor-CNS to muscles

•Sensory-receive stimuli from

periphery send to CNS

Tissue

• Muscle

–3 types of muscle cells

• Cardiac (heart, long interrupted

function)

• Smooth (blood vessels, intestines, slow

steady contractions)

• Striated (skeletal, conscious control)

Striated

-Cylindrical, tapered at end-Terminates at tendon-Encased in epimysium

Fascicle

Fiber

Myofibril

Myofilaments

Reading/Assignments

• Seikel: Pgs. 638-650 (Installation

Instructions)

• Seikel: Ch.2 (Basic Elements of Anatomy)

• Dickson: Pgs. 15-19; 31-40.

Have a Great

Weekend!!