basic materials used for buildings stones bricks concrete metal timber
Post on 17-Dec-2015
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•In geology, a rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals
•Rocks can come in a variety of colours, the most common being grey.
•There are three types of rocks:-
IgneousSedimentaryMetamorphic
Rocks
Types of Rock
•start off as magma (volcanic emission) within the earth.
•forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
•formed by direct alteration of existing rocks
•formed by sedimentation of particles at or near the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
•Over time rocks may be weathered down by water, wind and ice and be carried into a lake, river, sea or even sand dunes. Over millions of years they will be compressed until a rock with visible layers is formed.
•Metamorphic rock is igneous/sediment rock that has been changed by heat and/or pressure. Any rock changed this way is a metamorphic rock.
Gypsum
•Sedimentary rocks category include:
Types of Rock•Igneous rock include:
Quartz Ebonite Obsidian Diamond
Granite
Basalt Lava rocks Pumice
•Metamorphic rocks category include:-
Gypsum Soapstone Shale Chinli formation
(found only in central Utah)
Sandstone Limestone Coal Oil strata
GraniteQuartz
LimestoneSandstone
Pumice
Marble Slate
Stones •Stones are a smaller variety of rocks, and they are usually around the size of your hand.
Pebbles are the very tiny ones.
Pebbles are generally considered to be larger than granules (2 to 4 millimetres diameter) and smaller than cobbles (64 to 256 millimetres diameter).
Pebbles
Bricks•A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction.
• Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure
•Bricks are produced in many formats: solid, perforated, and hollow
•Typical size : 215x102x65 mm (length x width x height)
Types of bricks (shape)
End web
End web
Face shell
Central web
cell
Hollow
Cavities exceeding 25% of total volume of brick
Volume of indentations must not exceed 20% of gross volume
frog
Frogged
Holes exceed 25% of gross volume of the brick
Perforated
Solid
common
facing
Clay Bricks
Three types of clay bricks:
•Common – general use, not design to provide good finish/ high strength, usually plastered, non-load bearing
•Facing – for attractive appearance, no cracks, may or may not load bearing, durable
•Engineering – good strength and durability, high density, well fired (load bearing walls, retaining walls, sewers, embankments)
Engineering
Manufacturing of clay bricks
Preparation
Formation
Drying
Firing
•Process (digging, crushing, sieving, grinding, proportioning, mixing and tempering)•Add chemicals for special purpose (barium carbonat, soluble salts)
•Process of giving shape to the bricks.•Variety shaping methods depends on moisture content and consistency of clay•Ex:Semi dry process,stiff plastic process,wire cut process,soft mud process.
•To reduce the moisture content•Enable brick to be stacked higher in the kiln•Enable firing temperature to be increased more rapidly
•Changes the physical structure and give good mechanical properties and resistance to water
Calcium Silicate Bricks
•Consists of 90 – 95% sand, lime and water•Usually light grey and paler shades
Manufacturing
•Mixing – mixing with sand, lime, pigments and water•Pressing – pressed under very high pressure to give shape•Autoclave – high pressure steam curing to form calcium silicate
Concrete Bricks•Consists of aggregates, cement and water
•May contain additives such as air entraining agents, coloring pigments.
•Lengths 400 – 600 mm•Heights 150 – 300 mm•Thickness 60 – 250 mm
Sand-cement Bricks•Dimension = 210mm(L) x 100mm(W) x 65mm(H)
•Suitable for all construction brick works.
Concrete Constituents
•One of the most common construction material
•Wide variety applications- piles, dams, foundations, bridges and many more
•One of the most economical materials of construction
Concrete
•Cement•Fine Aggregate•Coarse aggregate•Water•Admixtures – chemical and pozzolanic
•Cement-Made of Argillaceous(clay, sandstone) + Calcareous (Limestone)-Most popular type of cement is Portland cement
•Fine Aggregate – less than 5 mm
•Water – for hydration process and workability of concrete
•Admixtures- to enhance the properties of concrete in the plastic and hardened states.
•Coarse aggregate – greater than 5 mm(10, 20, 40 mm)
Types of Concrete
Based on aggregate:-
•Lightweight concrete•Normal weight concrete•Heavyweight concrete
Based on strength:-
•Normal strength – 25 to 50 Mpa•High strength – 51 to 80 Mpa•Very high strength – greater than 80 MPa
•is a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, and generally can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking
•Metal also able to be fused or melted and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire).
•Two types:-
Ferrous metalNon-Ferrous metal
Metal
Ferrous metal
•Iron – one of most abundant metallic material in the earth’s crust (4-5%), found in the form of ore (oxides, carbonates, silicate)
•Steel – combination of iron and carbon. - steel products are coming in semi finished types such as billets (coins, gold bar), blooms and slab.
•Stainless Steel – is a steel alloy with a minimum 10.5% of chromium content by mass.
- resistant to corrosion and stain
Non-Ferrous metal
•a non-ferrous metal is any metal, including alloys, that does not contain iron in appreciable amounts
•Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, low weight, higher conductivity, non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion.
•Example: aluminium, copper, lead, mercury, cadmium, Alloy steel (chromium, cobalt, tungsten)•Mostly being used as non structural member
INTRODUCTIONTimber is a term used to describe wood, either
standing or that has been processed for useTimber from the latter is only produced in small
sizes, reducing the diversity of uses. Of the hundred of the species, only a few
secreted timber which are used in building construction
TIMBER SELECTION•The selection of timber depends on: - appearance - strength - availability - stability - durability - cost
HARDWOOD
• From board leaves tree • Most of them are deciduous mast
tree where hard and strong• Eg: damar laut, jelutung and pulai
Jelutung
pulai
SOFTWOOD• As coniferous tree with
needle like leaves which are evergreen
• Types of growth with the cone shape
• Eg:resak, giam, kempas, merah and berlian
kempas
HEAVY HARDWOOD
•This is a kind of heavy timber•The weight ranges from 50-70
lbs/cubic foot (22kg - 31kg)•Density: more than 800 kg/m3•Have a natural durable (have
a toxic material contains in their tissues)
•Eg: cengal, balau, resak
cengal
MEDIUM HARDWOOD
• Have a moderately heavy
• The weight ranges from 45-55 lbs/cubic foot (20kg - 25kg)
• Density: area 720 – 800 kg/m3
• Have a different durability depends on weather
• Must be preserved before and after construction
• Eg: kulim, kapur, jati, merbau
merbau
jati
LIGHT HARDWOOD
Have a relatively light in weight
The weight ranges from 25-45 lbs/cubic foot (10kg – 20kg)
Density: area 400 – 720 kg/m3
They are not very durable and need preservation
Used for furniture or panelling
Eg: meranti, durian, kedondong, bintagor, getah, medang
getah
durian
SOFTWOOD• Have a very soft surface• Density: less than 400 kg/m3• They are lack of commercial
significance• Not durable and classified as
perishable• Quickly and easily to destroyed
NATURAL DEFECT
•The grains are direction of wood cell•The longitude axis of a timber that were
swan•This can give an effects to the strength of
a timber
DETERIOTATION DEFECT
• Reproduction by spores• The favorable condition for it growth is where the
place have a good temperature, oxygen and moisture• Dry rot (most common and fungal attack)• Wet rot (become brittle, lose strength and crumble)
TYPES OF BEETLE
• Common furniture beetle
• Powder post beetle
• House long horn beetle
• Death watch beetle
One of the most diverse groups of insectsForty percent of all described insect species are beetles (about 350,000 species) Can be found in almost all habitats Certain species can be agricultural pests
BEETLE
COMMON FURNITURE BEETLE•This flight hole 1.5mm and also called
woodworm•Attack softwood and the sapwood of
hardwood•Can be found in the furniture and joinery
POWDER POST BEETLE• This flight hole in 2.0mm• Mostly attack hardwood• Can be found in sawriils
HOUSE LONGHORN BEETLEThis flight hole at 10.0mmCause for extensive damaged because of the long larvae stage and have a few flight holeAttack the sapwood of softwoodCan be found at the structured timber
DEATH WATCH BEETLE This flight hole in 3.0mm Attack hardwood and usually
timber of old building
TIMBER TREATMENT
• Brushing-Costs applied and repeated periodically (2 – 3 years)
• Dipping-Involves immersion of timber in preservative for a period of 10
seconds to 10 minutes -Purposed to give considerable penetration
• Open tank system - Timber is submerged in a tank while preservative is
heated and kept for several hours at 80 – 90%.
- Absorption takes place as it cools
• Pressure injection - Provide deepest penetration of preservatives for
permanent protection against longhorns and
marine borers - Effective for timber that has direct
contact with ground/sea water or in similar
environments.
ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
•Easy to handling•Have a beautiful appearance (aesthetic
value)•Heat and electric insulator is high•Have a good durability if was conserved•Availability•Suitable used on any construction
DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
•Easy to fired•Weather can changes their durability,
stability and appearance•Need to be painted to changes their
appearance•Easy to get a fungal attack
CONCLUSION
Timber are suitable used on any construction
Timber is not only used in superstructure but it also can used in the substructure works (formwork)
In the other words, timber have a lot of the uses
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