basic workshop practice (electronics group) 17005

Basic Workshop Practice (Electronics Group) 17005

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

Objective

The student will be able to:

• Read and interpret the drawing.

• Draw sketch for given job.

• Use specification tables.

• Decide Sequence of procedure.

• Recognize, identify and use of various tools used in soldering.

• Use of soldering technique for efficient repair work.

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Teaching & Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme

TH TU PRPAPER

HRSTH PR OR TW TOTAL

-- -- 4 -- -- -- -- 50@ 50

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IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

ASSIGNMENT NO.01• Drawing of symbols / conventions of

components, devices, electromechanicalswitches, relays, Displays, connectors and cablesused in Electronics and Electrical engineering.

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Symbols / conventions of Wire

Sr.No. Symbol Component name Meaning

01Electrical Wire Conductor of

electrical current

02Connected Wires Connected

crossing

03Not Connected Wires

Wires are not connected

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Switches

Power Supply

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Switches

Power Supply

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Switches

Power Supply

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Switches

Power Supply

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Switches

Power Supply

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Switches

Power Supply

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Switches

Power Supply

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Switches

Power Supply

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Switches

Power Supply

Symbols / conventions of Switches

01SPST Toggle Switch..\Switches\SPST.jpg

Disconnectscurrent whenopen

02SPDT Toggle Switch..\Switches\SPDT.jpg

Selects between two connections

03Pushbutton Switch(N.O)

Momentary switch - normally open

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04Pushbutton Switch(N.C)..\Switches\Pushbutton Switch (N.O).jpg

Momentary switch - normally Closed

05DIP Switch..\Switches\DIP.jpg

DIP switch is used for onboard configuration

06SPST Relay Relay open / close

connection by an electromagnet

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SPDT Relay..\Switches\Relay.jpg

Relay open / close connection by an electromagnet

08Jumper Close connection

by jumper insertion on pins.

09Solder Bridge Solder to close

connection

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Symbols / conventions of Ground

Earth Ground Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock protection.

02Chassis Ground Connected to the

chassis of the circuit

03Digital / CommonGround

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Symbols / conventions of Resistor

01Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces

the current flow.

02Resistor (IEC)..\Switches\resistor-color-code-all.gif

03Potentiometer(IEEE)

Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.

04Potentiometer (IEC)..\Switches\Potentiometer.jpg

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05Rheostat (IEEE) Adjustable resistor

- has 2 terminals.

06Rheostat (IEC)..\Switches\Rheostat .jpg

07 Trimmer Resistor..\Switches\Trimmer Resistor.jpg

Preset resistor

Thermistor..\Switches\Thermistor.jpg

Thermal resistor -change resistance when temperature changes

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Photo resistor /Light dependentresistor (LDR)..\Switches\LDR 1.jpg

Photo-resistor -change resistance with light intensity change

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Symbols / conventions of Capacitor

01Capacitor Capacitor is used to

store electric charge. It acts as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.02

Capacitor

03Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

04Polarized Capacitor

05Variable Capacitor..\Switches\Capacitor.JPG

Adjustable capacitance

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Symbols / conventions of Inductor

01Inductor Coil / solenoid that

generates magnetic field

02Iron Core Inductor Includes iron

03Variable Inductor..\Switches\Inductors.gif

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Symbols / conventions of Power Supply

01Voltage Source Generates

constant voltage

02AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

03Current Source Generates

constant current

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Symbols / conventions of Power SupplySr.No. Symbol Component name Meaning

Generator Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation of the generator

05Battery Cell Generates constant

voltage

Controlled VoltageSource

Generates voltage as a function of voltage or current of other circuit element.

Controlled Current Source

Generates current as a function of voltage or current of other circuit element.2/6/2015 WPX ( 17005) 25

Symbols / conventions of Meter

01Voltmeter..\Switches\Voltmeter.jpg

Measures voltage. Has very high resistance. Connected in parallel

Ammeter..\Switches\Ammeter.jpg

Measures electric current. Has near zero resistance. Connected serially.

03Ohmmeter..\Switches\Ohmmeter.jpg

Measures resistance

04Wattmeter..\Switches\Wattmeter.jpg

Measures electric power

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Symbols / conventions of Lamp / Light Bulb

Lamp / light bulbGenerates light when current flows through

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Symbols / conventions of Diode

Diode Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left to right).

Zener Diode Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow in the reverse direction when above breakdown voltage

Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop

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Symbols / conventions of Diode

04Varactor / Varicap Diode

Variable capacitance diode

05Tunnel Diode

06Light Emitting Diode (LED)

LED emits light when current flows through

07Photodiode

..\Switches\Diode.gif

Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light

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Symbols / conventions of Transistor

01NPN Bipolar Transistor Allows current flow

when high potential at base (middle)

02 PNP Bipolar Transistor

Allows current flow when low potential at base (middle)

Darlington Transistor Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of the product of each gain.

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Symbols / conventions of Transistor

04JFET-N Transistor N-channel field

effect transistor

05 JFET-P TransistorP-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor

07PMOS Transistor

..\Switches\transistorpinouts.gif

P-channel MOSFET transistor

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Symbols / conventions of Antenna

01Antenna / aerial

..\Switches\Antenna.jpg

Transmits & receives radio waves

03Dipole Antenna

..\Switches\Dipole Antenna.jpg

Two wires simple antenna

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Symbols / conventions of Misc.

01Motor..\Switches\Motor.jpg

Electric motor

02Transformer

..\Switches\Transformer.jpg

Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high.

03Electric bell..\Switches\Electric bell.jpg

Rings when activated

04Buzzer..\Switches\Buzzer.jpg

Produce buzzing sound

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05Fuse

..\Switches\Fuse.jpg

The fuse disconnects when current above threshold. Used to protect circuit from high currents.06

..\Switches\Bus.jpg

Contains several wires. Usually for data / address.

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09Optocoupler / Opto-isolator

Optocoupler isolates connection to other board

10Loudspeaker

..\Switches\Loudspeaker.jpg

Converts electrical signal to sound waves

11Microphone Converts sound waves

to electrical signal

12Operational Amplifier..\Switches\OperationalAmplifier.jpg

Amplify input signal

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13Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

Converts analog signal to digital numbers

14Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC)

Converts digital numbers to analog signal

15Crystal Oscillator

..\Switches\Crystal Oscillator.jpg

Used to generate precise frequency clock signal

16Schmitt Trigger Operates with

hysteresis to reduce noise.

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Symbols / conventions of Logic Gates

01OR Gate Outputs 1 when

any input is 1.

02AND Gate Outputs 1 when

both inputs are 1.

03NOT Gate (Inverter) Outputs 1 when

input is 0

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04NOR Gate Outputs 0 when

any input is 1.

05NAND Gate Outputs 0 when

both inputs are 1.

06XOR Gate Outputs 1 when

input is 0

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07D Flip-Flop Stores one bit of

08Multiplexer / Mux4 to 1

Connects the output to selected input line.

09Demultiplexer / Demux1 to 4

Connects selected output to the input line.

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IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

ASSIGNMENT NO.03• Collect the catalog from internet for instruments

required for Electronic Workshop.

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Instruments used in Electronic Workshop

• Function Generator.

• Multimeter.

– Analog Multimeter.

– Digital Multimeter.

• Power Supply.

– AC Power Supply

– DC Power Supply.

– SMPS.

– Programmable Power Supply.

• Oscilloscope.2/6/2015 WPX ( 17005) 41

Function Generator

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Analog Multimeter

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Digital Multimeter

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DC Power Supply

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Power Supply SMPS

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Oscilloscope

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Introduction and demonstration of soldering

WHAT IS SOLDERING

• Soldering is the process of joining metal leads, creating a mechanical and electrical bond. As shown in the figure, the lead of the resistor and the pad of the circuit board are mechanically attached and electrically connected.

WHAT IS REQUIRED

• The tools needed for the soldering process:

– Safety glasses

– Soldering iron

– Solder

– Wire cutter

– Damp sponge

Assemble the proper tools together.

WHY SAFETY GLASSES

• It is important always to wear thesafety glasses during the wholesoldering process to protect youreyes against boiling solder particlesthat fly up while the solder is meltingand pieces of leads that might fly inany direction when they are cut.

WHAT IS A SOLDERING IRON

• The soldering iron is the tool that is used to heat the joint. It has a tip that is heated by an internal heating element.

SOLDERING IRONS

Pencil tip Temperature Controlled

WHAT IS SOLDER

• Solder is the material that melts on the joint attaching to both the component

lead and the pad on the circuit board.

WHAT OCCURS WHEN SOLDER MELTS

• As the solder melts during the soldering process, it attaches to the component lead

and the pad.

• The flux flows into the joint dissolving existing oxides on the leads and preventing the formation of new ones. This facilitates the formation of a good soldering joint.

Step 1:

WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN SOLDERING?

Prepare component for mounting.

• In this step you bend the leads of thecomponent at 90 degree angle to fit into theholes of the circuit board. You can do thiswith your hand or with the help of pliers. Besure that the leads are bent at the rightdistance from the body of the component sothey fit comfortably in the holes on the board.

Step 2:

Mount component onto board

Mount component on board.

• In this step you insert the leads of the component into the holes on the board, from the component side. The body of the component should rest on the component side of the board.

• It is a common incorrect practice among new students toinstall the component on the soldering side (foil side) ofthe board instead of the component side, or to install thecomponent away from the surface of the board, insteadof resting on the surface of the board, as shown in thefigure.

Step 3:

Bend component leads slightly.

• After you have inserted the leads of thecomponent into the holes on the board, youshould bend the component leads slightly tohold the component in place while the boardis turned over to be soldered.

Step 4.

Heat iron. Clean tip with damp

sponge

Clean iron's tip.

• Before you start soldering and after the tip of the iron has heated up, the tip of the iron should be cleaned on a damp sponge and tinned, by melting apiece of solder on the iron's tip and then wiping the tip on the damp sponge again.

• The tip of the iron should always have an even shiny metal surface from the solder. Each time oxide forms on the tip, clean the tip on the damp sponge to make it shiny again.

Step 5.

Apply heat. • In this step you apply heat to the joint to be

soldered by touching the tip of the iron firmly against both the component lead, and the pad on the board, simultaneously. Allow about three seconds or more for the joint to heat up before applying the solder.

• This is one of the most important steps in thesoldering process. If you do not heat up the joint(lead and pad on the board) sufficiently you willget a cold soldering joint which will have to be re-soldered.

Step 6.

Apply Solder

Apply solder.

• After the joint has heated up, apply solder tothe point where the lead and the pad join.Apply enough solder to create a "mountain "of solder that attaches to both, the lead andthe pad, as shown in the drawing of step 8. Acommon problem among new students is toapply too little or too much solder, neither isgood.

Step 7.

Remove solder.

• After the solder has melted on the joint forming a nice connection as the one shown in steps 8 and 9, remove the solder wire from the joint then remove the iron.

Step 9:

Inspect the soldering joint. • After the joint has cooled off, visually inspect the

joint that you have created. It should have a shinyand smooth surface and it should attach to boththe component lead, and the pad on the board. Inthe next transparency we will see what good andbad soldering joints look like.

• If, during the inspection, you recognize that yoursoldering is not good, you will have to re-solderthe connection by reheating the joint with theiron, until the solder melts and then applying alittle more solder.

Step I0:

Cut excess lead

Cut off component leads.

• After you have soldered a joint the next step is to cut off the excess component lead using a wire cutter. Trim the lead off the component as close to the solder joint as possible. This is another important step in the assembly process that can not be avoided because untrimmed component

• leads might cause short circuits between metallic traces on the board.

Good solder joint.

As we have said before, a good soldering joint has a shiny and smooth surface and attaches to both the component lead, and the pad on the board.

Cold solder join: You can recognize a cold solderjoint because it is dull (not shiny) and irregular (notsmooth). Cold solder joints do not make good

electrical connections and should be re-solder.

Solder not attached to lead: In this type of defective soldering joint the solder is attached to the pad of the board but not to the lead of

the component.

In this type of defective soldering jointthe solder is attached to the lead ofthe component but not to the pad onthe board.

Solder not attached to pad

This problem is caused by nottrimming the component leads aftersoldering the joint.

Leads not trimmed

Leads not trimmed.

• Leads that are not trimmed pose a potential problem because they can be touching each other or touching other parts of the pad, producing short circuits and damaging the components. Never leave untrimmed leads after the soldering is completed.

Solder bridge:

• Solder bridge: A solder bridge is a bridge made with solder that is connecting two pads (or foil traces) that should not be connected. Sometimes solder bridges are easy to detect and other times they are so tiny that they can only be detected with the use of a magnifying glass.

Solder bridge:Solder bridges can be eliminated

by melting them with the soldering iron.

basic workshop practice (electronics group) 17005

symbols conventions

jpgdip switch

jpgmomentary switch

switchestrimmer resistor

jpg07trimmer resistor

switchespushbutton switch

open02spdt toggle switch

o momentary switch

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