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2016 Renaissance Student Notes-You have the ability to edit anything on these pages and change the format should you choose. However, notes must stay in outline format.
Main Idea
Details
I. Italian Renaissance-Beginning
A. Florence
1. City-State a. A city with its surrounding
territory forms an independent
state with different laws and ways
of life.
b. There were numerous Italian
City-states.
2. Known as the birthplace of the Italian
Renaissance. The
a. renaissance is a French word
meaning rebirth- new beginning
b. Renaissance: The revival of art
and literature under the influence
of classical models in the
14th16th centuries (1300s-1500s).
c. It was a rebirth of culture
1. Culture is a way of life for people
in an area.
2. Includes religion, education,
food, clothing, and all parts of
living in an area.
3. Produced most of the major artists of
the Renaissance.
a. Leonardo da Vinci
b. Michelangelo
4. In the 1400s many wealthy bankers
and traders called Florence home.
5. The city-state was controlled by the
Medici family who were patrons of the
arts.
a. Patrons are people who financially
support the arts.
B. Medici Family
1.The city-state of Florence was
ruled by the Medicis.
a. They were wealthy bankers and
traders.
2. The Medici Bank was the most
important financial institution of the
15th Century.
3. Cosimo Medici
a. Cosimo was the founder of one of
the main lines of the Medici Family
that ruled over Florence from 1434
to 1537.
b. He became the uncrowned ruler of
Florence, and during his reign
Florence was very prosperous.
1. reign is a period of time a person
rules.
2. Cosimo (first main ruler) was
uncrowned because
he believed the only king was
one who wore a crown of thorns.
4. Lorenzo Medici- grandson of Cosimo
a. Lorenzo was a patron of the arts
b. he was responsible for supporting
talents such as Botticelli,
Michelangelo, and the young Da
Vinci.
c. Was called Lorenzo the
Magnificent.
d. Was not as successful as his
grandfather Cosimo, and was
considered a tyrant.
1. Cruel and unreasonable ruler.
C. Humanism
1. Humanism is an intellectual
movement at the heart of the
Renaissance that focused on
education and the classic time of
Greece and Rome.
2. The importance of the individual was
also emphasized.
a. In other words, every person was
important.
3. Focus was on the secular world.
a. Life outside of the church and the
clergy.
1. Clergy refers to ordained
leaders of a church.
4. This focus on the secular part of life led to
inventions, new discoveries, and a new painting
style called perspective.
a. Artistic technique used to give paintings and
drawings a three-dimensional effect
b. Perspective can make the object your
drawing look more realistic.
c. Allows you to see distance in painting.
5. A person who practices and believes
in the ideals of humanism is a
humanist.
6. From the study of classical Greece
and Rome, the humanities were
studied.
a. Subjects such as literature,
philosophy, poetry, rhetoric, AND
history.
7. Francesco Petrarch was the Father
of Humanism.
a. Is mostly remembered for his
poetry.
b. Many of his poems are directed to
a woman named Laura, whom he
was in love with.
1. He was in love with Laura even though
she was already married
2. Petrarch loved her so much that he
wrote over 400 poems about her
II Art
Humanist artists showed humanism by painting and sculpting figures from the present, not religious figures from the past.
A. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
1. Professions
a. He had many professions
b. Such as a painter, scientist, architect,
sculptor, musician, mathematician,
writer, inventor, botanist, engineer, and
geologist
2. Art
a. Focused on painting in perspective
b. Mona Lisa painted between 1499-1505
1.Shows a Florentine woman but nobody
knows her name
2.One theory is that her name is Lisa del
Giocondo
c. 1478: Leonardo established his own studio
d. Mona lisa influenced Raphael to paint Portrait of Maddalena Doni
e. Duke of Milan requested The Last Supper in 1495
1. Shows the disciples during the last supper
2. Painted with an oil-based paint that peeled
after 50 years.
3. Last supper painted in one point
perspective
f. Started many paintings but did not finish all
g. Adoration of the Magi was started by da Vinci but was left unfinished after he moved
3. Inventions (War)
a. War Tank
1. Was a armoured movable car that could
move in any directions which had fire
arms on the sides.
2. When tested it worked extremely well,
although the people working it would have
to plug their ears due to the deafening
sound.
b. Cluster Bomb
1. Contains iron spacers and stitched inside
pliable casing and would scatter when
blown up.
c. Machine Gun
1. Invented the first gun that could fire
multiple rounds without being reloaded.
d. Submarine
1. Thought to be an early sketch of the
submarine.
2. Involved a tube and wine skins or pieces of
cork.
e. Parachute
1.Leonardo's parachute was made of
sealed linen cloth which was held open
by a pyramid of wooden poles, about
seven meters long.
f. Diving Apparatus
1.This was the first scuba suit.
2. It was made out of cane tubes, leather
wineskin, and steel rings for support.
3. His invention was tested, but it only
worked well in shallow water.
B. Michelangelo
1. Early Years
a. Born in Caprese, Italy on March 6, 1475 And died in Rome, Italy on February 18, 1564 b. Second of five sons of an aristocratic but impoverished Florentine family c. Going against his father's beliefs, was drawn to the arts at a young age d. He was known for excelling in sculpting, painting, architecture, and poetry e. He attracted the attention of Lorenzo Medici, who invited him to live in the Medici palace
2. Art a. Mural on the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel 1. 1508: Michelangelo was asked by Pope Julius II to architecturally design and paint this ceiling 2. Work felt 3-dimensional 3. Includes 9 stories from Book of Genesis in the Bible and 12 prophets (Creation- Great Flood) 4. Took 4 years to complete 5. Had to lie on his back to complete his work, at the end of the process 6. Paint dripped into his eyes, sometimes 7. felt pressure from the patron b. Last Judgement a. On Altar Wall of Sistine Chapel. b. Asked by Pope Paul III, after Michelangelo returned to Rome.
3. Sculpture:
a. The David
1. He began his work on a giant marble block
that was claimed unsuitable for sculpting.
2. For the next four years (1501 - 1504) he
sculpted the marble block into a double-life
size sculpture known as, the David.
3. It featured every human detail, from vain, to
fingernail.
b. Tomb of Pope Julius
1. Pope, Julius II requested that Michelangelo
sculpted him a tomb, though he ended up
changing his mind.
2. After the Sistine Chapel ceiling painting,
Michelangelo returned to his work on the
tomb for Julius II.
3. However, Julius II ended up passing in
1513, so Michelangelo then worked for the
popes successors, Leo X and Clement VII,
both members of the Medici Family.
4. Though his progress was slow, due to other
projects for the Medici family, he eventually
completed the Julius II Tomb.
a. It featured many great figures such as the
Dying Slave (1513 - 1516), the Rebellious
Slave (1513 - 1516), and eventually the
Moses (1505 - 1545).
c. The Medici Tombs
1. Now under work for the Medici family,
Michelangelo was assigned the sculpting of
another tomb for Lorenzo de Medici and
Guiliano de Medici.
2. The two tombs represented two different
personalities; Lorenzo, the reflective and
self-analyzing, then Guiliano, the active and
outgoing.
3. Each tomb had two symbolic figures Lorenzo
featured Dawn and Dusk, and Guiliano
featured Day and Night.
d. Bacchus
1. Michelangelos first surviving large
statue, made in Rome in 1496,
finished in 1497
e. Piet
1. In 1498 The Bacchus led to the
commission for the Pieta, finished
in 1499 and placed in St. Peters
Basilica (Rome)
2. The Pieta was the first large-scale
sculpture by Michelangelo
3. Scene of Mary holding the crucified
Jesus in her arms
4. Architecture
a. . Biblioteca Laurenziana
1. In 1523, Cardinal Giulio requested that M
designs a public library for S Lorenzo
2. It was built above the West Range of the
Cannons Cloister
3. The reading room was built in 1525, followed
by the entrance vestibule
4. In 1527, M left Rome due to the Medici
expulsion, leaving the work unfinished
5. Several different architects fulfilled Ms
design plans after he left
6. The library was finished in the late 1540s
b. Piazza del Campidoglio
1. Emperor Marcus Aurelius asked M to build
him a base for his equestrian statue in 1538.
2. There are designs on the floor that are made
to frame the statue
c. Saint Peters Basilica:
1. Located in Vatican City, a country
within Rome.
2. Most significant feature of church is
the dome, built by Michelangelo.
3. Originally architect Donato
Bramante which Michelangelo
redesigned later.
4. His dome served as a model for
many other famous structures in
history, such as the US Capitol
building in Washington, DC.
5. Michelangelos interest in architecture
was sparked from working on many
sculptures that required architecture
to execute.
b. Mannerism
1. His style of architecture influenced a
period of art called Mannerism
ranging from 1510- 1600.
a. This is when art was in transition
from the traditional classicism of
Ancient Greece and Rome
b. Into art that used exaggerated
proportions and unusual scale
and lighting
c. Created images focused on
beauty, not just natural images
C. Raphael
1. Early Years
a. Born in Urbino, Italy on April 6, 1483
b. His father, Giovanni Santi, was a painter as well and taught him lots of techniques
c. Giovanni died when raphael was 11
d. Raphael also had a mother, who unfortunately died when he was 8
e. His mother was supposedly encouraged to give up Raphael for adoption at the time he was born, but instead she kept him and cared for him.
f. He had a very close relationship with both his parents, and people think thats why he was very sociable and charming.
2. Famous For
a. Oddi Altarpiece
1. In about 1495, Raphael arrived in Perugia
2. A lot of people noticed his talent and he
received an important commission to paint
the Coronation of the Virgin for the Oddi
Chapel in the church of San Francesco,
Perugia
b. Pietro Perugino was painting frescoes in a
similar area, and influenced Raphael.
1. Frescoes were the finished product of
fresco painting, which was a water based
style of painting, where the color penetrates
the plaster on the wall or ceiling and
becomes fixed.
c. Raphael was most famous for his
painting Transfiguration.
d. Another one of his famous paintings
was School of Athens
e. His other popular one was the
Sistine Madonna.
1. Painted numerous works of the Madonna,
and Madonna with child.at changed the
future of Italian art
D. Donatello
1. Early Years
a. He was born around 1386 in Florence.
1. His full name was Donato di Betto Bardi
b. Became educated at the home of the Martellis
and became a goldsmith there.
2. Famous For
a. He is most famous for his statues.
1. The statue on the left is the Equestrian of
Gattamelata.
2. Other famous statues include the statue of
David, St. George,St. Mark, and Zuccone.
3. 1425-1443
a. Gained a business partner named Michelozzo, who was a sculptor and an architect.
b. One of their first projects was the tomb of Baldassarre Coscia, the Anti-Pope John XXII.
c. After they werent business partners, Donatello studied in Rome about classical art.
d. He sculpted David once he returned to Florence.
1. Completed in 1430 and became the first
freestanding nude since ancient times.
2. Was later overshadowed by
Michelangelos David made of marble.
5. 1443-1454
a. Turned to more realistic sculptures instead of classical sculptures.
b. One statue like this is Gattamelata (Slick Cat), which is one of Donatellos most famous sculptures ever.
1. Gattamelata was the first equestrian
statue since ancient times.
2. Made for Erasmo da Narni, a horseman
leader who died recently.
3. Statue became so popular that King of
Naples requested that Donatello make
one of him.
c. . The only statues completed between
1450-1455 were wooden statues of St. John
the Baptist and St. Mary Magdelene.
1. These last statues appear emaciated and
twisted like they are reflecting pain from
within.
III Architecture
A. Filippo Brunelleschi
1. Before architecture
a. Born in 1377
b.Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor
c. He competed for a commision to make the
reliefs for the baptistery of florence.
1. But he did not win, so he gave up
on sculpting.
2. He was the first modern architect of
the Renaissance, and he rediscovered
linear perspective, since all knowledge of it
was lost with the Greeks and Romans.
a. Linear perspective makes art appear to
have space and distance on a flat surface.
3. His most famous structure was il duomo (the
dome) of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del
Fiore.
a. It is very large, and it is made of
spiraling brickwork.
b. The dome was made without scaffolding
or flying buttresses which meant there
was nothing inside.
c. So instead he created 2 domes to lower
the pressure and prevent the dome from
collapsing.
d. He used hoists and cranes of
his own design.
4. He also designed buildings such as the Santo
Spirito and the Ospedale degli Innocenti
(hospital of theinnocents).
a. The first buildings to have the design of
arches supported by columns.
IV. Writing
A. Niccolo Machiavelli
1.Background
a. Machiavelli was born May 3rd 1469 in Florence Italy.
b. He was a political philosopher, statesman and secretary to the florentine republic.
c. In 1498 Machiavelli was appointed chancery of the Florentine republic.
d. In 1502, Machiavelli married Marietta Corsini
e. Machiavelli was put in charge of the city's defenses when the medicis came back.
f. In 1512 the republican regime was overthrown and the Medicis were back in power.
1. He was torchered for 22 days
2. After that he was exiled
g. He died June 21st 1527
2. The Prince
a. While he was in office he wrote many political poems however his most famous was The Prince.
b. It was a short political story on how to acquire power create a state and keep it.
c. It was based off of other rulers in history and his own experience in office
d. The main theme of the prince is the end justifies the means meaning an outcome towards a goal justifies the ways you took to get there.
e. His perspective in The Prince, in particular, quickly gave rise to the term Machiavellian: deceiving and manipulating others for personal gain.
B. Baldassare Castiglione
1. Baldassare Castiglione was an Italian courtier,
soldier, diplomat, and the author of The Book
of the Courtier.
2. He received a classical education, which is
blended into his book
3. The Book of the Courtier explains the perfect
renaissance man
a. Described a well-rounded man of the
Renaissance.
1. Athletic, plays a musical instrument, knows
literature and history, and Not Arrogant.
V. Northern European Renaissance
(Beginning)
A. The Great Plague
1. The plague wiped out about one-third
of the population of Europe.
2. Also knows as the Black Death
3. Was a reason for the late start of
Renaissance in the rest of Europe
compared to Italy.
B. Art
A. Albrecht Durer
1. Early Years
a. Born on May 21, 1471 in Nuremberg Bavaria
2. When he was fifteen he apprenticed to Michel
Wohlgemuth, who was famous for woodcuts and
engravings
3. . He was one of the first Northern artists to
become profoundly affected by the
Renaissance and because of this he traveled to Italy to study the Italian masters in 1994.
4. He pioneered the spread of Renaissance ideas
to northern Europe and influenced artists in Italy with his engravings and other methods.
2. Art
a. Was called Leonardo of the North, because
of his wide range of interests
b. He was mostly well known for his
engravings and paintings c. Many of his paintings portray religious
Ideas since it was one of the Northern
Renaissance most powerful themes. d. He viewed himself almost like Jesus
because of his impacts on the world and
his level of fame, so in his self-portraits he
often painted himself looking like Jesus. e. He is very famous for the detail he puts in
to drawings and paintings of hands.
f. Praying Hands
3. Engravings
a. Durer is most famous for his engravings in
which is would etch a design on a metal
plate with acid.
1. he added his own twist by applying
painting techniques he used in Italy to
his engravings.
b. He learned how to engrave and perfected
the technique in his fathers goldsmith
workshop since engravings was typically a
skill done by goldsmiths. c. Many of his engravings also portray
religious ideas like his paintings because
again this was one of the main Northern
Renaissance themes.
d. Melencolia and Adam and Eve
B. Jan Van Eyck
1. Famous for creating the oil medium and including realistic scenarios and details in his pieces.
a. Jan and his brother Hubert, combined
thinner mixtures of oil glazes and
varnishes to bring the medium to a whole
new level.
b. The two brothers also worked on the
Ghent Altarpiece together.
2. Created oil on oak paintings and incorporated
things other than just art in his paintings, such
as geometry and other concepts.
a.The Adoration of the Lamb,
shown on the left is one of his
most famous pieces because of the
realisticness and the details.
3. Together Jan and Hubert formed the Flemish
school of painting.
C. El Greco
1. El Grecos real name is Domenikos
Theotokopoulos.
2. He traveled to Venice and studied the
works of a few Italian artists.
3. In 1570 when El Greco traveled to
Rome, he studied with Michelangelo,
and Rafael.
4. His most famous painting is the Burial
of the Count of Orgaz.
a. . Took El Greco two years to finish.
b. In this painting you can clearly see
El Grecos many different influences such as
the vibrant colors of the Venetian artists,
important people of the Renaissance, and
the crowding of figures which is a style of
European art that originated in Italy.
e. El Greco started art in 1560 when he
was 19 years old
f. El Greco got his name when he
traveled to Venice
1. Venetians could not pronounce
Domenikos Theotokopoulos,
therefore they nicknamed him El
Greco, which means the greek.
C. Printing Press
1. The Printing Revolution-Johann Gutenberg
a. Printing presses transformed Europe
1. Before the Printing Press there were only a
few thousand books made by hand.
2. By 1500 15-20 million volumes were
produced.
3. Other people in Europe started using the
printing press to make books instead of
writing them by hand.
4. People started opening printing shops
in Europe.
b. Revolution brought great changes
1. Printed books were cheaper and easier to
make.
2. Books were more readily available.
3. Poor people could now afford getting
books.
4. More people learned to read, increasing the
literacy rate.
5. Exposed educated Europeans to new ideas
and places.
c. Gutenberg Bible
1. About 1455, Gutenberg invented first
complete edition of the Bible with movable
type.
2. One of the very first books to emerge from
printing press.
3. Gutenberg was the first to print first Bible
using the printing press instead of by hand.
D. Humanism
1. Difference with Italian
a. Emphasis on religious reform
2. Humanities vs. Humanism vs. Humanists
a. Humanism- an intellectual movement
at the heart of the Renaissance that
focused on education and the classics.
b. Humanities- the subjects of grammar,
rhetoric, poetry, and history
1. Humanities were important to
humanists.
c. Humanists- people who believed in
humanism and the humanities.
3. Desiderius Erasmus
a. Erasmus had a rough childhood, but turned out
to be one of the leading renaissance leaders.
b. Erasmus began his education at age 4. In 1483,
his parents died from the plague, and he was put
into the care of the guardians.
c. Erasmus was ordained a Catholic Priest.
1. Then his life changed dramatically when
he became secretary for Henry de
Bergen, bishop of Chambray.
2. The bishop enabled me to travel to Paris
to study Classical Literature and Latin,
and thats where Erasmus was
introduced to Renaissance Humanism.
3. While he was in Paris, he became an
excellent scholar and lecturer.
a. Erasmus traveled to England and met
thomas More and John Colet, and
Ammonius, and all 3 had a great
influence on me.
b. And over the next 10 years, he divided
my time between France, the
Netherlands, and England, writing
4. Some of his best works.
a. . In the early 1500s he wrote The Praise
of Folly, and in 1516 he wrote a
translation of the New Testament in
Greek.
5. Sir Thomas More was his good friend and he
wrote the Praise of Folly at his house.
4. Sir Thomas More
1. Sir Thomas More was an English statesman who was born in London, England, and published the book Utopia in 1516.
2. He became lord chancellor in 1529.
3. Then, in 1534, Thomas More was imprisoned and soon after in 1535, he was tried and executed.
4. More was tried and executed because he refused to accept the king as head of the church of England.
5. Utopia
a. Utopia is a famous book written by Sir
Thomas More.
b. It was written in 1516 and consists of 2
parts.
c. The definition of Utopia is An imagined
place or state of things in which everything
is perfect.
1. It was originally published in latin.
d. He mainly wrote it to show England that
they could live in unity, because at the time
they were ruled by King Henry VIII, so
England had a lot of flaws.
E. Writers
1. William Shakespeare
a. English Playwright
b. Married Anne Hathaway and had 3 children
1. Wrote Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, a series of Sonnets, Midsummers Night Dream, Macbeth, and
many more.
2. His plays had characters with big personalities to make you world larger.
3. He wrote many histories, comedies, and tragedies
c. His plays are still performed all around the
world today
d. Globe Theater opened in 1599
1. Shakespeares plays took place at the
Globe Theater
e. Shakespeare is widely regarded for his plays,
narrative poems, his series of Sonnets, and
many other works
f. Shakespeare was considered the best
playwright that ever lived
1. Shakespeare was never a wealthy man
2. Miguel de Cervantes
a. Spanish
b. Wrote Don Quixote
1. Pokes fun at knights, and their code
of chivalry.
a. Code of behavior for knights.
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