behind the arabic name
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Behind the Name: Etymology of Arabic Names
Zina Saadi, Computational Linguist June 14, 2006
Copyright © 2006 Basis Technology Corp. All rights reserved.2
Why Are We Looking Behind the Name?
BackgroundGeographical backgroundProfessional affiliation
Linguistic Software SolutionIdentify and generate more rules for name matching
Name derivation: (Hamd -->> Hamd, Hamed, Hamad, Hammoud, … )Stem matching: Qantara -->> Qantar -->> (Qantarji, Qantary) Persian taa: (Farhat -->> (فرحت ,فرحات
Identify name boundariesOrthographic corrections: <<-- (Aitmimoun ,آيتميمون ) Ait ,آيت ميمون ) Mimoun)
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Languages of the Muslim World
http://www.morainevalley.edu/ctl/MiddleEast/photoGallery.htm
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Outline
Arabic name structureIraqi, Maghrebi
Linguistic rules behind Arabic names derivationBasic Rules (Root & Patterns, Plurals)Advanced Rules (Compounds, Nisbah)
Cross-lingual influencePersian, Turkish
Regional and social factsAcross the Arab World
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English Name Structure
Full NameJohn F. Kennedy
First NameJohn
Last NameKennedy
Middle InitialF.
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Arabic Name Structure
Last Name
Full Name
Middle NameFirst Name
Hypocoristic/Given NameHouari/Ahmed Φ Patronym/Nisbah/Hypocoristic
Mokrane/Saadi/Boumediene
Al-NamamshahSaud
EnizatGiven NameAbdullahSaddam
PatronymBin Abdulaziz
Hussein
Patronym/Nisbah/Family-NameAl Saud/Zawaydeh
Al-Tikriti
Maghreb
Middle East
Tribal System
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Components of an Arabic Full Name
TitleMasculine
(MSA: Imam, Sheikh), (Maghrebi: Si, Sidi, Moulai)Feminine
(MSA: Sheikha), (Maghrebi: Lalla)
Hypocoristic (Kunya)Metaphoric
(Ibn Al-Ardh, son of the land) -> travelerDialectal
(Iraq: Khalid -> Abu Al-Walid, Hussein/Hassan -> Abu Ali) First-born child
(Abu/Um Ahmad, Abu/Um Mona)Political
(Houari Boumediene Mohamed Boukharouba)
Title Hypocoristic Given-Name Patronym Family-Name Nisbah
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Components of an Arabic Full Name (Cont.)
Given nameNouns (Osama -> type of lion), (Maha -> Wild Cow)Adjectives (Kareem -> generous), (Lateefa -> gentle)Verbs (Yazid -> he increases)
Patronym (Nasab)Father’s and grandfather(s)’ given namesIbn Abdullah, Ouyahya, Bin Laden
Family nameAl-AhmarBani Oumayya, Banou Quraidha, Ait Hammouda, Al Saud
NisbahAl-Baghdadi (from Baghdad), Haddadi (blacksmith), Saadi
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Example of an Arabic Name
Al-Sheikh Abdullah Bin Hussein Bin Naser Bin… Al-Ahmar
األحمر... الشيخ عبد اهللا بن حسين بن ناصر بن
http://www.alahmar.net/gallery/
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Let’s Analyze the Name
الشيخ Al-Sheikh
األحمرAl-Ahmar
TitleFamily Name
عبد اهللاAbdullah
Given Name
بن حسين Bin Hussein
Patronym
http://www.alahmar.net/gallery/
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Other Examples of Arabic Names
Arabic Mathematician (850)
Arabic Geography Scholar (1178-1229)
Al-Imam Al-Sheikh
Shihab AddinStar of religion
Father of
AbdullaYaqutRuby
Son of
AbdullaCaptive bought by “Askar Alhamaoui”Al-Baghdadi -> from Baghdad
TitleHypocoristicHypocoristic Given NamePatronymNisbah
الشيخ الحموي البغداديبن عبد اهللا ياقوت أبو عبد اهللاشهاب الدين اإلمام
MuhammadSon of MussaFrom Khawarezm
Given NamePatronymNisbah
الخوارزميبن موسى محمد
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Basic Linguistic Rules of Arabic Name Derivation
Arabic root & pattern derivational structure
3-character root
ب . ت. ك Arabic Root -> ل) (ف .ع.آتب “to write” -> ”to do“ (فعل )
)(af’al ,أفعل )(Lebanese Poet) سعيد أسعد د . ع.س , s.’.d)
)(fa’’aal ,فعال ) حسينصدام م . د. ص , S.d.m)
)(faa’il ,فاعل )(Kuwaiti Poet) زيد حامد د . م. ح , H.m.d)
(faa’il ,فاعل )
Pattern)(Algerian Writer) ياسينآاتب ب . ت. ك , k.t.b)
ExampleRoot
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Rules for Plurals in Names
Jordanian Common Family Names:
(Seidat ,سعيدات) ,(Ebeedat ,عبيدات) <- (f’iilaat ,فعيالت )،عواندة) <- (fawa’ileh ,فواعلة) Awandeh), (زوايدة, Zawaydeh)
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Rules for Compound Names
Compounds
[A B] vs. [AB] Form (Connecting vs. Non-Connecting Characters)
is a connecting letterBerberAit /ت / Ahmed آيت أحمد
is a non-connecting letterYemeniBahmed /ا / باأحمد is a non-connecting letterColloquialBoumediene /و/ بومدين أبوأحمد /أبو أحمد is a non-connecting letterMSAAbu Ahmed /و/
is a connecting letter /ل/is a non-connecting letter /ا /
MSA/YemeniAl Bawazir آل باوزير
is a connecting letterMSAIbn /ن / Khaldoun ابن خلدون Colloquial
InfluenceInfluence
is a connecting letterBin Ladin /ن / بن الدن CommentCommentNameName
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Use of Nisbah in Names
Nisbah
How Nisbah is formed?
Types of Nisbah
Nisbah Formation
A sample of some linguistic rules Nisbah of compoundsNisbah of two names
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How Nisbah is Formed?
Suffixing an assimilated yaa to the stem of the name A forming a name B
B = stem(A) + ي +
Example: يصدام حسين التكريتSaddam Hussein Al-Tikriti
The logical relation between (A,B) => “if x is B, then x is from A”
محمد من قبيلة قريش > =يمحمد قريش Muhammad Qureishy => Muhammad is from the tribe of Qureish
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Types of Nisbah
Nationality or ethnical background
( ي هند , Indian)( هند, India)( يعرب , Arabic)(عرب, Arab)NisbahWord
Religious affiliation
( يإسالم , Islamic)(إسالم, Islam)NisbahWord
Trade or handicraft
( يصناع , industrialist)( ة صناع , industry)
NisbahWord
Adjective formation
( يبحر , naval)( بحر, sea)
( ي ذهب , golden)(ذهب, gold)
NisbahWord
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Advanced Nisbah Forms
Nouns ending with taa marbouta -> taa marbouta deletion
( يمك , Meccan)( ةمك , Mecca)
( يقاهر , Cairene)( ةقاهر , Cairo)
NisbahWord
Nouns already ending with assimilated yaaHow many letters does it consist of?
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Advanced Nisbah Forms (cont.)
Nouns consisting of:[1 letter + assimilated yaa]
assimilated yaa -> Yaa+fatha+waw+kasraWaw+fatha+waw+kasra
[2 letter + assimilated yaa]assimilated yaa ->
fatha+ Φ +waw+kasraWaw+fatha+waw+kasra
[3 letters and above + assimilated yaa]assimilated yaa -> Nisbah yaa
( ووير , irrigator)( ير , irrigation)
( يوي ح , vital)( ي ح , living)
NisbahWord
( وينب , prophetic) ( ينب , prophet)
( ويعل , Alawite) ( يعل , Ali)
NisbahWord
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Nisbah of Compounds
[A B] form
Proper noun compound
( يعبدر , Abdary)(عبد الدار, Abduddar)
( يعبدل , Abdaly)(عبد الالت, Abdullat)
( يعبشمس , Abshamsy)(عبد الشمس, Abdushams)
NisbahWord
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Nisbah of Compounds (cont.)
Other noun compounds
[Abu/Ibn/Um/Abd] + B => [Abu/Ibn/Um/Abd] + nisbah(B)
Possessive => nisbah(A) + B
( يإبن سعد , Ibn Saadi)(إبن سعد, Ibn Saad)
( يابو بكر , Abu Bakri) (ابو بكر, Abu Bakr)
NisbahWord
( Imadiy , الدين يعماد Addin)( عماد الدين, Imad Addin)
( Saifiy , اإلسالميسيف AlIslam)(سيف اإلسالم, Saif AlIslam)
NisbahWord
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Nisbah of Compounds (cont.)
[AB] form =>=> nisbah(A)
Example1:AB = موتحضر A = حضرB = موت
موتحضر يحضر <=Hadramawt => Hadri
Example2:AB = بكبعلA = بعلB = بكيبعل <= بكبعل
Baalbak => Baali
Exceptions:يمحضرالشيخ علي بن سلم ال يبكبعلأيمن
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Nisbah of Two Proper Names
nisbah(A,B) => stem(A)+ 2 char (B) + nisbah yaa
Example 1:
شفعنتي > =ةيفنابو ح+ ي فعا لشاAl-Shafe’i + Abu Hanifa(t) => Shaf’anti
Example 2:
مزوارخ ستان طبرKhawarezm Tabaristan
طبرخزيTabarkhazi
From the CIA World Fact Book
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Persian Influence on Arabic Names
Arabic borrowing of Persian names
Adjectives
Nouns
Compoundsnew, modern( نيفين, Neveen)
world( جيهان, Jihan)
pride of the king( نازشاه , Shahnaz)
pride of purity( نازصافي , Safinaz)
delicate, gentle(نازك, Nazik)
soft(نرمين, Nermine)
GlossWord
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Persian Influence on Arabic Names (cont.)
Arabic borrowing of linguistically modified Arabic names by Persian
Closed taa -> open taa
wisdom( ت حكم , Hikmat)( ة حكم , Hikmah)
Mountain name( ت ف مر , Mervat)( ةومر , Marwa)
( ت نعم , Nimat)
Persianblessing( ةنعم , Nimah)
GlossArabic
Phonological influence
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Turkish Influence
SuffixationStem (Arabic word) + [Ji] suffix
-ji -> Profession
Examples:Mateen Qandaji (Turkish Poet)Adnan Albajaji (from Iraq’s parliament)
( جي قند , Qandaji, hard sugar maker)( قند, qand, hard sugar)
( جيقهو , Qahwaji, café manager)(قهوة, qahwah, coffee)
( جي مكو , Mikwaji, ironing man)
Stem + -ji(mikwah, Iron ,مكواة)
Arabic Word
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Regional and Social Facts
During the Ottoman ruling, the Elite class (Rulers, Leaders) were given Islamic Arabic Names (Sultan Abdul Hamid) while the servants or housemaids were given foreign names
Nowadays in Egypt, females in the middle- and lower-classes are given Islamic names (Khadija, Aisha), whereas higher-class females are typically given Persian, Turkish or common non-Islamic Arabic names (Susan, Mervat, Nancy)
Given names (Khisha, Bahloul) under strict requirements can be changed (meaning of the name, clean record)
The “Ba-”prefix, meaning “father of”, identifies its bearer as being of Hadramidescent (the Saudi linguist Bakalla and the Yemeni prime minister Bajammal)
Sunnis’ most common names would be Abd + 99 names of God, Ahmed, Mohammed, and Aisha, whereas Shi’ites would prefer names such as Fatima, Ali, Hassan, and Hussein
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References
Farid, Zainab. “Many of the names of Arab origin. The diversion did not affect the meaning”. Retrieved on May 22nd 2006 http://www.alriyadh.com/2005/09/15/article94168.html
Tabet, Elie. “Notes Sur L’organization Des Tribus Et L’Etymologie Des Noms Propres.” Oran Impremerie De L’association Ouvriere. 1882. Retrieved on April 10th 2006http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k84223s
The CIA World Fact Book. Retrieved on May 22nd 2006 http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
Wikipedia, “Arabic Name”. Retrieved on May 21st 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name
Zeyad, Mosad, “Al-Nasab”. Retrieved on May 24th 2006http://www.drmosad.com/index128.htm
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Thank You
zinas@basistech.com
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