belize | xiii baktun, fin del calendario maya 2012
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Institute of Institute of ArchaeologyArchaeology
Belize is a country blessed with a diversity of peoples and cultures that have come together to form a nation.
Tikal Site Core
Calakmul site core
Copan site core
Palenque site core
Altun Ha, Belize
Structure B4
Altun Ha Site Map
The Jade Head Kinich Ahau.
High Temple at Lamanai (Late Preclassic)
The Hunchback, Lamanai, Belize
Caracol site core
Twenty-five Years of Research at Caracol, Belize:
Department of Archaeology Belize
1984: Second Preliminary Trip to Caracol
1985: Initial Camp at Caracol
1988: Caracol Access Road
there is no “i” in “archaeology”
1983
2007
Caana
19921986
“the” Late Classic royal residence
Caana
2004
K’aan II
jaguar throne
top of Caracol Stela 20
Caracol Ballcourt Marker 3
A.D. 798A.D. 330
Dynastic FoundingA.D. 400
9.18.8.3.9 9 Muluc 7 Muan[-] 1.3.19.11.5 8.14.8.10.4 10 Kan 7 Kankin
B2 ISIG for the month K’ayabA3 9 pi-ki, (bolon pik) “9Bak’tun”B3 18 WINIK-HAAB’ “18 K’atunA4 9 HAAB’, “9 Tun”B4 5 WINAL-la, “5 WinalB5 9 K’IN-ni, “9 K’in”C1 6 Muluk 8 [Tzolkin day]D1 2 K’AN-a-si “2 K’ayab” [month]C2 CHUM-la ti-AJAW-le (chumlaj ti ajawlel) “he was seated into kingshipD2 K’IN-ni-chi (k’inich) “sun-faced”C3 JOY-K’AWIIL-li (Joy K’awil)D3 K’UHUL-K’AN-tu-ma-ki, (k’uhul k’antu maak) “divine man from Caracol” [this is the Caracol emblem]C4 u-TZ’AK-aj, “it was changed” [D N Introductory Glyph]D4 11 (K’in) 12 WINAL-ya “11 days and 12 winal”C5 u-ti-ya (uhtiiy) “it had happened”D5 i-u-ti (I-uht) “and then it came to pass”C6 10 Ajaw [Tzolkin day]D6 8 SAK-SIHOM (8Sak) [month name]E2 u K’AL TUUN-ni (u k’al tuun) “he binds the stone”E3 ti-LAM-wa (ti lamaw) “for the half [K’atun]”F3 14 (K’in) 10 Winal-ji “14 days and 10 winal”E4 2 HAAB’-ya “and two years”F4 u-ti-ya (uhtiiy) “it had happened”D5 i-u-ti (i uht) “and then it came to pass……..”
Free Translation of Caracol Ball Court B MarkerClause 1: On the 12th of December, AD 799, K’inich Joy K’Awil sat into kingship.Clause 2: The stacking of 251 days had come to pass and then the 19th August (AD 800 happened) it is the ‘stone-binding’ at the ‘half-period ending’Clause 3: Two years and 214 days had come to pass, and then (the 24th of January AD798 or
7th of March AD 803) it happened…
Lord Water K’aan II
9.5.19.1.2A.D. 553accession
9.9.4.16.2.A.D. 618accession
Caracol Altar 21“Star-War” at Tikal in A.D. 562
Naranjo
Caracol
Tikal
Polity Size and Warfare- 60 kilometer rule for territoriality- using modern theory in a past context- seeing prosperity and cohesion in the population
Caracol:the “edge city”
Ritual Items in Residences: Late Classic caches
“face caches”
“finger caches”
Caana, Caracol
Caana from AirCARACOL, BELIZE
2004
1986
Temple of the Wooden Lintel
Establishment of A Group at onset of the 8th Cycle(ca AD 70)
The A Group Architectural Complex
Caracol Group A
The SouthernBelizeRegion
(Leventhal 1991)
Xnaheb
Nim li Punit, Str. 7(West Side)
During Initial Liberation & Final Consolidation
Structure 8 Construction StagesStage 1
Stage 2Stage 5
Nim li Punit, Structures 7 and 8
Acropolis-Style Palace, Lubaantun
Stucco Mask Structure N9-56
Lamanai
Before and Before and after after
conservationconservation
GroupCARACOL Barrio North Group before consolidation
CARACOL Group after excavation and consolidation.
Inspection of Looting, Mound Destruction and Archaeological Impact Assessments
Belize Valley Maya Cahal Pech
Cahal Pech Hill
1988
2012
Excavation in Str.A4 revealed a child burial cut into a bench. Ceramic vessels in the grave were similar to vessels found in a Terminal Classic tomb in Plaza H.
Str. A3
Str. A2
Worked along with the contractor & use the excavator but just going down roughly 10-15cm at a time.
Belize
9 bowls lip to lip position “Hewlett Bank Unslipped”
Distribution of Cultural remains on Burns Ave
Actun Tunichil Muknal
Cave of the Stone Sepulcher
Actun Tunichil Muknal
Caves
Caves Branch
East Frieze, Str. A6,Xunantunich
Cada periodo de 13 baktunes se considera un gran ciclo, el más importante, equivale
a 5,128 años solares. El actual ciclo de 13 baktunes
termina el día 21 de diciembre del año 2,012
Kin = 1 díaUinal = 20 días (20 kin)Tun = 360 días (18 uinales)Katun = 7,200 días (20 tun)Baktun = 144,000 días (20 katun)
The 2012 Industry
2012 As ProphecyThe 2012 Industr
2012: Predictability & Control
2012: Ideology
Socio-Ecological Cycles:Degeneration vs Progress
The Past?
The Future?
Contemporary Issues
Sustainability
• “…the use of environment and resources to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs... Sustainability is a process, rather than an end-product…” (Berkes et al. 2003:2-4);
• “achieved in a long-term trial and error process and maintained by constant adjustment” (Winiwater 2003:93).
Resilience
• “the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance; to undergo change and still retain essentially the same function, structure, and feedbacks” (Walker and Salt 2006:32).
• given archaeology’s “insight[s] into tens of thousands of years of human activities in all parts of the globe, [it] is a tantalizing source of information on human-environmental relations” (Redman 1999:3-4).
We need to craft detailed, integrated histories for specific coupled socio-ecological systems
Key Issue: Communities are Internally segmented
Key Issue: Historical Contingency
Integrated History and future Of People on Earth (IHOPE)
•IHOPE-MAYA• (1) T’isil and Yalahau; •(2) Sayil and the Puuc; •(3) Calakmul and Campeche; •(4) Tikal and East-Central Peten; •(5) La Milpa and Northern Belize; •(6) Caracol and the Vaca Plateau; •(7) Palenque and Sierra de Chiapas foothills; •8) Seibal and the Rio Pasion •(9) Uxbenka and the Toledo foothills; •(10) Chichen Itza and Yucatan.
2012 As An Opportunity
CONTEMPORARY, UNSUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN THE VACA PLATEAU
Caracol: epicenter and surrounding settlement
GRB
Structures/Groupsarchaeologically investigated atCaracol, Belize
(144 Discreet Groups)
Caracol Str. B20A.D. 537
S.D. C1H-3
Caracol Str. B20A.D. 537
- more than 100,000people at A.D. 650
- prosperity at the sitedue to successful warfare
- Tikal, A.D. 562- Naranjo, A.D. 631
- causeways integrate thesettlement
- thousands of kilometersof stone terraces were constructed to maximizethe agricultural potentialof the landscape
1. Laser fires 1000s of pulses per second at the target. - Photons reflect off the target and return to the receiver. - Based on speed of light, the distance from the sensor to the target is calculated.
2. GPS records aircraft latitude, longitude, and altitude.3. Inertial navigation unit records the aircraft’s orientation (roll, pitch,
and yaw).4. On-board computer converts locations of target surfaces into 3-
dimensional data called point clouds.
LiDAR
(Light Detection And Ranging)
Mexico
Gua
tem
a la
Belize
CaribbeanSea
Total Passes – 122Total Length – 1587 kmSwath Width – 519.9 mTotal Swath Area – 199.7 km2
Flying Height – 800 mTotal Flight Time – 13.7 hrsScan Frequency – 40 HzScan Angle – +/- 21⁰
2.38 billion laser pulses were fired yielding 4.28 billion measurements~20 shots/m2; vertical accuracy 5-30 cmCost for flights and processing - $171.1 K or $855/km2
April 26-30, 2009
LiDAR-based Mapping Efforts at Caracol, Belize
Detection of Maya StructuresDetection of Maya Structures
CaracolEpicenter
100 m100 m
2D LiDAR
Caana
Caana
“2.5D” LiDAR Photograph
2000
2003
2009
-11 new causeways-5 new “formal” termini- massive terracing
Caracol CausewaysCaracol Causeways
1 km
100 mCaracolEpicenter
Cahal PichikTerminus
Hatzcap CeelTerminus
Thompson 1931
Morris 2004Cahal Pichik
Hatzcap Ceel
Detection of Maya Structures: Detection of Maya Structures: Retiro TerminusRetiro Terminus
100 m100 m
market
marketreservoirs
residentialgroups
terracingroadway
PuchitukTerminus
Caracol, Belizecourtesy of:Adrian S.Z. Chase
Caracol constructedreservoirs visuallyidentified throughLiDAR
ANGKORCARACOL
after Evans and Pottier
Comparing Scale and Urban Development
Alphawood Foundation grant: $360,295.LiDAR Acquisition in Western Belize:Answering Socio-Political Questions in Maya Archaeology. A.F. Chase, D.Z. Chase, J. Awe, J.F. Weishampel, G. Iannone, H. Moyes, J. Yaeger, and M.K. Brown.
Caracol DEM = 200 sq km
A. Upper Vaca Plateau355 sq km
B. Eastern Vaca Plateau195 sq km
C. Belize Valley500 sq km
2013 Belize LiDAR Campaign
The VanishingCanopy:the missing 12%
Deforestationand Illegal Logging …….
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