bell ringer
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Bell Ringer
•What are some of the problems you think America will experience as it grows in size and population?
COMING TO AMERICAEarly immigration issues
Immigration Issues
Irish - 1847
• Mainly Catholic• Moved to crowded
slums in major cities
Germans - 1848
• Mainly Protestant• Moved to farmlands
of the Midwest
Which one will be more
accepted?Why?
Nativism Rears Its Ugly Head
• Nativism: an anti-immigration belief, favoring the “native” citizens of a country.• WASPs in the United States• Initially targeted Irish
immigrants, but grew to persecute all immigrants.
• “Know-Nothings”
THE MARKET REVOLUTIONThe growth of America’s industry
The American System
• Henry Clay, initiated the American System—an economic plan for the country.• A strong banking system.• Set up a protective tariff to
boost American industry.• Build a strong transportation
network of roads and canals.
Results of the American System
Cumberland Road
Erie Canal
The Locomotive
The Father of the Factory
System
• Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)
• Built the first spinning machine in America
• Slater’s machine created a shortage of cotton fiber
Raw Cotton
Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin
• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which separated the fiber from the seed (1793). • 50 times more efficient• Caused the South to expand its
cotton producing land and increase its desire for slaves
• The cotton gin caused the North to expand its factories for spinning and weaving cloth.
Eli Whitney: Interchangeable Parts
• Eli Whitney created “interchangeable parts” while on contract for the US Army• Parts had been hand made,
which meant that broken parts could not be replaced individually.
• Industrialism flourished in the North using this method
GROWTH AND CONFLICTS OF DEMOCRACYWhat does it mean to be an “American”?
The Corrupt Bargain
Jackson as a Hero of the Common Man
• Andrew Jackson was born among the common people rather than the elite of society
• His parents were poor Irish immigrants
• At age 11 he went to boarding school, but found school too slow; he preferred sports and fighting instead.
• At age 13 he joined the South Carolina militia to fight in the Revolutionary war.
Jackson’s Democracy
• Many states lowered or even eliminated the requirement that men own property to vote
• At his inauguration gala, he opened the White House doors so his supporters could celebrate.
• Spoils System: The practice of rewarding political supporters with public office
• Out of Jackson’s popularity, the former Democratic-Republican party was renamed the Democratic party.
Nullification Crisis
• Congress passed the “Tariff of Abominations”
• John C. Calhoun wrote the "South Carolina Exposition“ - said that the states could nullify (void) the tariff. • “Nullies” threatened secession if the tariff
wasn’t lifted
• Congress passed a lower tariff• Congress also passed the Force
Bill (AKA "Bloody Bill”) authorizing the president to use force if necessary to collect the tariff.
Solving the “Indian Problem”
Jackson wanted control of Indian lands East of the Mississippi to open for white settlement.
In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal ActAuthorized the removal of
Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West
Solving the “Indian Problem”
• The Cherokee hoped to avoid removal by assimilating to American ways of government, education, religion, and agriculture.
• In the end this was not enough to protect the Cherokee; the Cherokee sued the government for their freedom• Worcester v. Georgia - Chief Justice John Marshall ruled
that Georgia law had no power to remove the Cherokee
“John Marshall has made his ruling, let
him enforce it!”
Trail of Tears
• In 1838 and 1839, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.
• The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears.” • The migrants faced hunger, disease, and
exhaustion on the forced march. • Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died.
King Andrew I
• Many opponents felt Jackson had overstepped his bounds as President• Whigs: A political party
originally formed to oppose Jackson• Congress over the President• Modernization• Economic protectionism
A Succession of Failures
Van Buren TylerHarrison
Manifest Destiny
• Manifest Destiny- Common American idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific.
• Had our eyes set on California and Oregon even though other nations had partial claims to it
Early Territorial Expansion
Missouri is a Sticky Subject
• In 1819, Missouri asked to join the U.S. as a slave state.
• Admitting any new state would upset the balance of political power in Congress.
• The Missouri Compromise:• Missouri would be admitted as a slave
state; Maine would be admitted as a free state.
• Regarding future slave land, an east-west line was drawn at 36°30’. All new states north of the 36°30’ line would be free, new states southward would be slave.
American Territorial Expansion
RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, AND MORAL REFORMBecoming “Better” Americans
Reviving Religion
The Second Great Awakening (1830s) grew as a reaction to the industrial age (believing too much in science, and letting greed and vice overcome their lives).More widely spread than the First Great Awakening a
century earlier, geographically and by participantsWidespread belief that the second coming of Christ was nearEncouraged vivacious evangelicalism Led to reform of several areas of life: prison reform,
temperance, abolition, women’s suffrage, etc.
Reviving Religion
• Charles Grandison Finney- considered the greatest of the revivalist preachers.
• “Burned Over District”: Area of NY that ran out of people to convert
• The issue of slavery split the churches apart.
• New religious groups evolved to fill in the gaps left from old churches and new ideals.
Latter Day Saints(AKA: LDS, Mormons)
• Founded by Joseph Smith• Kicked out of NY• Led by Smith and
Brigham Young to Utah Territory• Persecuted over religious
and political practices
SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS
Public Education
Free public education was not popular in the early 1800s People questioned why their tax
money was being spent on teaching another person’s child
Jacksonian Democracy began to change opinions More people could vote, so
children needed education to be knowledgeable voters
Teachers were ill-educated and ill-trained themselves
African Americans were largely ignored
One-room schoolhouse in Idaho
Changes to Higher Education
2nd Great Awakening spawned educational reform (necessary for reading the Bible)
Higher education for women had been taboo• Were afraid it would corrupt
women, and therefore corrupt children and families
• New colleges for women began opening; Mount Holyoke Seminary (1837)
The Reform Movement
• The reform movement sought to eliminate a multitude of sins:• Cruelty, war, alcohol,
discrimination, and slavery
• Middle-Class women were often the motivation behind these movements
• Cult of Domesticity: piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity
An Age of Reform
• States gradually abolished debtors' prisons due to public demand. Criminal codes and penalties were softened in hopes of reforming the wrong-doer. The number of capital offenses was being reduced.
Dorothea Dix• Conducted a statewide investigation of
how Massachusetts cared for the insane poor. Unregulated and underfunded, this system produced widespread abuse.
"I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience."
• Traveled the country, visiting different asylums; her protests resulted in improved conditions for the mentally ill.
Temperance Movement
• Reformers wanted to ban alcohol and end drunkenness.• Men wasted money, missed work, beat
their wives, committed crimes, and ruined the good Christian name
• Reformers were largely women, clergymen, and members of Congress.
• The American Temperance Society was formed in 1826.
Women in Revolt
• Feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York in a Woman's Rights Convention in 1848.• Led by Susan B. Anthony and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton• “The Declaration of
Sentiments” argued that all men and women were created equal
• It demanded female suffrage
Transcendentalism
• Transcendentalism: An intellectual movement that argued that knowledge transcends (rises above) just the senses.• Associated traits included self-reliance, self-
culture, and self-discipline.• People were thought to reach an inner light and
touch the “Oversoul” (something akin to God)
• Henry David Thoreau: transcendentalist who believed that one should reduce his bodily wants so as to gain time for a pursuit of truth through study and meditation. • Spent two years living in the woods living off
only what he could produce (“Walden: Or Life in the Woods”).
• On the Duty of Civil Disobedience – greatly influenced Gandhi and MLK
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