bellwork · imperialism –establishing control over foreign lands after the punic wars, greece and...

Bellwork

▪ Review packet pgs 51-53

▪ Reading quiz coming up

▪ You may use reading notes on the quiz

▪ I will take questions on the reading in a few minutes

The Geography of Rome

▪ Center of Italy and the Mediterranean

▪ Fertile Land

▪ Easy Travel

▪ Few Natural Resources

Early People of Italy – The Etruscans-

▪ Established independent city-states

▪ Farmers

▪ Strong Military

▪ Influenced Roman language, religion, and values

▪ The Kingdom of Rome was taken over by the Etruscans –corruption led to their overthrow

The Roman Republic

▪ Republic – government system in which representatives are elected by citizens

▪ 2 Groups of Romans–Plebeians – farmers, merchants, artisans–Patricians – wealthy landowners* Constant power struggle between groups*

The Government

▪ Senate – legislative body, 300 members (patricians)

▪ 2 Consuls –Supervise government and command

armies–1 year termsDictator – ruler with complete control (only

used during emergencies and for 6 months)

Rome Expands

▪ Initially for security

▪ Legion – Group of 5000 foot soldiers

▪ Leniency shown to the conquered– Recognize Roman authority, pay

taxes

– Keep local customs and government

– Citizenship

Plebeians vs. Patricians

▪ The plebeians resented their lack of power in the new republic – Why?

▪ In 494 B.C. many plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army unless the patricians yielded to their demands for change.

▪ Why would the Patricians make concessions to the plebeians?

▪ Tribunes – representatives of plebeians, have veto power

The Twelve Tables

▪ Roman Law Code

▪ Engraved on 12 tablets and put on public display – What is symbolic significance?

The Punic Wars and The Roman Empire

The Punic Wars

▪ Series of wars between Rome and Carthage (264 BC – 146 BC)

▪ Fought over control of the Mediterranean

2nd Punic War

▪ Carthaginian leader Hannibal moves his army through Spain and France, then invades Italy

▪ Hannibal’s army destroys the Roman countryside for 15 years

3rd Punic War(149-146 B.C.)

▪ Rome invades and destroys Carthage, now has complete control of the Mediterranean

Imperial Rome

▪ Imperialism – establishing control over foreign lands

▪ After the Punic Wars, Greece and surrounding areas became Roman provinces

▪ Continued struggle between Plebeians and Patricians weakened Rome and a series of civil wars broke out

Imperial Rome

▪ After the Punic Wars, Greece and surrounding areas became Roman provinces

▪ Continued struggle between Plebeians and Patricians weakened Rome and a series of civil wars broke out

▪ Generals gained political power

The End of the Roman Republic

First Triumvirate

▪ Caesar Pompey CrassusGreat General Great General Not a great general – very rich

First Triumvirate 60 BC – 53 BC

▪ 54 BC – Julia (Caesar’s Daughter and Pompey’s wife dies)

▪ Crassus – Killed – Details not pretty

▪ Caesar and Pompey = Civil War

▪ Pompey Killed (details also not pretty) -- Caesar Wins

▪ 44 BC – Caesar named dictator for life – then assassinated

Julius Caesar

▪ Successful General who waged a war against another general, Pompey

▪ Caesar is victorious, named dictator for 10 years, then for life

▪ Assassinated in 44 B.C. – 15 year civil war erupts

2nd Triumvirate

Octavian Mark Antony Lepidus

Caesar’s adopted son Caesar’s Chief Aid, Friend, Who Cares

and General

The Pax Romana

▪ Octavian=Augustus

▪ Reformed and stabilized the government

▪ Civil service, public works projects

▪ Pax Romana – 200 years of Roman peace

The Roman Emperors

▪ No set method of replacing the Emperor

▪ Why could this cause a problem???

▪ That brings us to the Julio-Claudians!

Tiberius

▪ Paranoid

▪ Many executions during his rule

Caligula

▪ 24 years old at time of rule

▪ Insane

▪ Ordered his troops to gather sea shells at the English Channel

▪ Thought he was a god

▪ Do not make bald jokes or speak of goats around Caligula

▪ Assassinated after 5 years of rule

Claudius

▪ Uncle of Caligula

▪ Found hiding behind a curtain after Caligula’s assassination

▪ Many physical difficulties

▪ Successful emperor

▪ Probably poisoned by his wife

Nero

▪ Mom probably killed Claudius when Nero was 17

▪ First few years of reign were good (he wasn’t actually ruling)

▪ Either insane or just really mean.

▪ Assassinated his mother, and later his wife

▪ Many executions

▪ Persecuted Christians

▪ Commits suicide after a revolt “What an artist dies with me!”

▪ Civil war after his death

The Five Good Emperors

▪ Series of emperors who wisely selected their successors

Nerva

▪ Old, with no sons, serves 2 years and dies naturally

Trajan

▪ Builder, conqueror, outlawed Christianity

Hadrian

▪ Gave up some conquered land, built a wall across Britain

Built around A.D 122

Built around A.D 122

Antoninus Pius

▪ Peaceful, boring period

Marcus Aurelius

▪ Philosopher, Successful war, plague

Marcus Aurelius

▪ Philosopher, Successful war, plague

▪ Son, Commodus becomes emperor

Commodus

▪ Son of Marcus Aurelius

▪ Often dressed like Hercules

▪ Sometimes fought as a gladiator

▪ Assassinated by a former wrestler while he was bathing

??????

▪ With all these problems, how does the Empire survive for another 300 years?

Roman Lifestyle and Achievements

Life in Rome

▪ Wealthy Romans–Political and Family Alliances–Interest in Politics and Power–Large Land Owners–Luxury

▪ Poor Romans–“Bread and Circuses”

The Roman Amphitheater

Other Amphitheaters

Roman Architecture

Roman Architecture

In a McDonalds in Rome

A New Religion and the Fall of the Roman Empire

Attempts at Reform

▪ Diocletian (284 A.D.)–Divides the Empire–Resigns due to ill health,

empire continues to decline

Attempts at Reform

▪ Constantine (312 A.D.)–Religious tolerance

Roman Christianity

▪ Why did it catch on?

– Teachings

– Roman Roads

– Religious toleration

▪ Persecution

– Why?

– Martyrs

▪ Persecution of Christians

▪ How could they actually attract people to the religion?

– Approval

▪ 313 - Constantine legalizes Christianity

▪ 380 – Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion

Attempts at Reform

▪ Constantine (312 A.D.)

–Religious tolerance–Establishes a new

Capital, Constantinople – Well defended, center of trade

Theodosius

▪ Officially divides Rome into two independent Empires

▪ Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire

Theodosius

▪ Officially divides Rome into two independent Empires

▪ Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire

Weakening Military

▪ No longer prestigious to be in Roman Military

▪ Quality of weapons, armor, training declines

▪ Frequent civil wars

Invasions

▪ Invasions by Germanic tribes could not be stopped by weakening legions

The Huns

▪ Warlike Nomads

▪ Drove Germanic tribes to Roman lands

▪ Attila the Hun begins invading W. Europe (434 A.D.)

▪ Last Roman Emperor is deposed in 476

How did it happen?

▪ Mercenaries – foreign soldiers fighting for Rome

▪ Social problems–Idea of Rome fades–Impact of Bread and Circuses

The End?

▪ Eastern Roman Empire survived until the 1400’s (Byzantine Empire)