best practice in sewage & effluent treatment technologies
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Best Practice in Sewage & Effluent Treatment Technologies
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Objectives Understand basics of earth’s ecological system Understand factors that influence ecology Appreciate influence of wastewater on ecosystem Understand water-cycle leading to wastewater generation Achieve familiarity with worldwide concerns on issue of
wastewater management Understand nature of regulations imposed to monitor and
control wastewater disposal Understand the planning considerations related to
wastewater
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Objectives continued..
Understand about the sources responsible for origins of wastewater
Understand the types of wastewater/sewage systems Understand various methods about the estimation of
wastewater quantity Understand the method of hydraulic design of sewers Understand the basics of operation & management of
sewer networks Appreciate the selection of material for sewer construction
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Ecology• Science of relationship of all elements of ecosystem
• Crucial elements– Air– Water– Living being– Vegetation
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Water - Effect on Ecology
• As important as air
• Necessary for survival of plants & living beings
• Quality deterioration makes less available for productive use
• Reduction in availability of good quality brings ecological imbalances and threatens survival of user
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Wastewater Generation• Due to disposal of excreta
• Washing & cleaning
• Industrial applications
• Commercial applications
• Rainfall - pesticides, fertilisers
Source: http://inweh.unu.edu/wastewater-reuse-infographic/
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Wastewater - Contaminants
• Solids– Floating & suspended– Dissolved
• Liquids– Chemicals
• Gases– Ammonia– Methane
• Micro-organism
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/10/world/asia/10pollute.html?_r=0
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Regulatory Focus • Initially -
– On immediate environmental concerns– Control on suspended solids & organic matter
• Intermediate -– On treatment pertaining to dissolved nutrients like
• Current -– Control over long term effect of certain substances
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Project Financing
• Capital cost– Investigation– Land acquisition– Engineering & construction
• Operational cost– Energy cost– Manpower cost– Consumable cost– Repairs & spare parts
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Wastewater System
• Collection– Interception and transportation of wastewater
• Treatment– Process to bring harmful contents within acceptable
limits
• Disposal– Discharge of effluent to land or water body
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Sewer Layout
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Factors Affecting Layout
– Topographical features of the locality
– Extent of catchment area
– Hydrological features
– Location of disposal points
– Quality of wastewater at point of treatment
– Type of interception and carriage system adopted
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Radial Sewer Pattern
– Fig 2.02
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Perpendicular Sewer Pattern
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Interceptor Sewer Pattern
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Zone Sewer Pattern
– Fig 2.05
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Fanlike Sewer Pattern
– Fig 2.06
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Peak to Average Flow
Population Served Peak to AverageFlow Ratio
Up to 10,000 3.5 : 110,000 to 25,000 3 : 125,000 to 50,000 2.5 : 150,000 to 500,000 2 : 1
Above 500,000 1.5 : 1 to 1.75 : 1
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Wastewater Hourly Variation
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Flow Velocity in Sewer
• Limiting conditions for velocity– Should not be so low that solid particles separate
from wastewater and settle in the sewer– Should not be so high that solid particles of
wastewater be able to weather the material for sewer construction
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Maximum Flow Velocity
For different sewer materials, value of maximum velocity is as below -
Material of Sewer Limiting Velocity
Cast Iron 3.5 to 4.5 m/sec
Stoneware 3.0 to 4.0 m/sec
Cement Concrete 2.5 to 3.0 m/sec
Glazed Tiles 4.5 to 5.5 m/sec
Bricks 1.5 to 2.5 m/sec
Earth 0.6 to 1.3 m/sec
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Flow Characteristics – Partially Filled Circular Sewer
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