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Bibliography
Primary Source
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238
7. Dainik Sambad (Bengali daily), Agartala, Tripura, 10th August, 1971.
8. Dainik Sambad, (Bengali daily), Agartala 17th August, 1971
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Personal Interview
1. Nagendra Jamatia, Ex- MLA, Tripura State Legislative Assembly, Agartala
2. Ramaprashad Dutta, proprietor of Ramaprashad Gobeshonagar, Agartala.
3. Robin Sen Gupta, Veteran filmmaker of Tripura and only photographer of Tripura who covered the whole episode of freedom movement of Bangladesh 1971, Agartala.
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30. Ganguli J.B., The Benign Hills, Tripura Darpan Prakashani, Agartala, March 1983.
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32. Ganguly J.B., Economic Problems Of The Jhumias Of Tripura, Bookland Private Ltd. Calcutta, 1969.
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48. Michael J. Piore, Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor in Industrial Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979
49. Misra Bani Prasanna, Socioeconomic Adjustments of Tribals: Case-Study of Tripura Jhumias, People’s Publishing House, New Delhi, 1976.
50. Mohanta Bijon, Tripura in the Light of Socio-Political Movements since 1945, Progressive Publishers, Kolkata, February, 2004.
51. Mookerjee Syama Prasad, Leves from a diary. Oxford University Pres. New Delhi, 1993.
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52. Moon Penderel, Divide and Quit, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1962
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54. Proceedings of North East India History Association, Fifth Session, Aizawl, 1984
55. Rachardson W.Harry, Elements of Regional Economics, Pengwin Books Ltd. Harmondinath, Midle Sex, England, 1970 (Reprint)
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59. Saigal Omesh, Tripura: its History and Culture, Concept Publishing Company, Dehli, 1978
60. Samaddar Ranabir (ed.), Refugees and the State : Practices of Asylum and Care in India, 1947-2000, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2003
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64. Shimray U A, Devi M D Usha, Trends and Patterns of Migration: Interface with Education – A Case of the North-Eastern Region, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, 2009
65. Singh Nagendra Kumar, Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh, Anmol Publications, New Delhi, 2003
66. Sisson Richard, Leo E.Rose, War and Secession, Pakistan, India and the creation of Bangladesh, University of California Press Ltd., Oxford, England, 1990
67. Skeldon R., Migration and Development: A Global Perspective, Essex: Addison Wesley, Longman, Harlow, 1997
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68. Srivastava S.C, Demographic Profile of North East India, Mittal Publications, Dehli, 1987
69. Thomas C Joshua (ed.), Dimensions of Displaced People in North-East India, Regency Publications, New Delhi, 2002
70. Valtonen Kathleen, Social Work and Migration, Immigrant and Refugee Settlement and Integration, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England, 2008
71. Vernat Jaques , The Refugee in the Post World War, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 1953
72. Weiner, Myron, The Global Migration Crisis: Challenge to States and to Human Rights, Harper Collings College, Publishers: New York, 1995.
73. Zamindar Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali, The Long Partition and the making of Modern South Asia Refugees, Boundaries, Histories, Viking by Penguin Books India , New Delhi, 2008
Journals
1. Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science, 1885, http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/90
2. Demography, Vol.3, No. 1, 1966 3. Economic and Political Weekly, August 30, 2008 4. ESD. 83 – Fall 2001, Online journal
http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/WorldSystem.pdf. 5. Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 August, 1971 6. Folklore and Folkloristics, Vol.2; No.1, June 2009 7. Frontiers In Demographic Economics, Vol. 75, No. 2, May 1985 8. Global Migration Perspectives, No. 50, October 2005 9. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, VII,
4, Fall 2009,5-14 10. International Migration Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, Special Issue: The New
Europe and International Migration, Summer 1 11. International Migration Review, Voll. 34, No. 4 , Winter, 2000 12. International Migration Review, Voll.11, No.2, Summer 1977. 13. International Review of Social History, Vol. 46, 2001 14. International Social Science Journal, Vol. 52, 2000 15. Journal of Borderlands Studies, Volume 21, No. 1, Spring 2006 16. Journal of Genocide Research, 5(1), 2003 17. Journal of Human Ecology, volume 7, Number 3, July, 1996 18. Journal of Refugee Studies Vol. 22, No 1, 2009, Oxford University Press
19. Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies, 12, 2000
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20. Modern African Studies, 40, 4 (2002), Cambridge University Press 21. North East India Council for the Social Service Research, Vol.17, No.2,
Oct.1993 22. Online Encyclopedia of Massa Violence, Tuesday 24, June 2008 23. Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, September 1993 24. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, No. 4, December 1994 25. Refugee Watch Issue, No. 1, January 1998 26. Refugee Watch Issue, No. 9, March 2000 27. The American Economic Review, Vol.20. 28. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.70, No.5, Part 2: Investment in
Human Beings, October, 1962 29. The Qualitative Report, Volume 9, Number 2, 2 June 2004
Seminar Paper
1. Illegal Immigration from Bangladesh to India: The emerging conflicts, Slifka Program in Inter-Communal Coexistence, Brandeis University, November 30, 2005
2. Illegal Migration and Undeclared Refugees – Idea of West Bengal at Stake, National Seminar paper on ‘Migration and its Impact on Indian State and Democracy’ – 13th March 2009, Department of Politics and Public Administration – University of Pune
3. Indian Experience with Forced Migration: Its Lessons and Limitations, Paper presented at the Conference of Scholars &other Professionals working on Refugees and Displaced persons in South Asia, held in Rajendrapur, Bangladesh on February 9-11, 1998
4. Patterns and Process of International Migration in the 21st century, Paper presented for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4-7 June 2003
5. The Dilemma of Nationhood and Religion: State of the Art, Paper prepared for presented at the Fourth International Research and Advisory Panel conference on Forced Migration (IRAP), University of Oxford, Oxford, England, January 5-9, 1994
Webpages
1. http://bengalvoice.blogspot.com/ 2. http://courses.washington.edu/setclass/w513_10/readings/massey1994.p
df 3. http://dailyinfopages.com/definition-of-migration/ 4. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/eco-nomic-migrant 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_migration
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6. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Resignation_letter_of_Jogendra_Nath_Mandal
7. http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/Poona-II/agri_experimental_gardens
8. http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page172.html. 9. http://www.enotes.com/topic/Tripura_Merger_Agreement. 10. http://www.genocidebangladesh.org 11. http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?cdjournal=jjasas1989&c
dvol=2000&noissue=12&startpage=73&chr=en 12. www.convertunits.com/from/maund+[India]/to/metric+tons 13. www.fhiredekha.com/gallery/albums/ userpics/june1cr.pdf 14. www.iussp2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionID=52236 15. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12347965. 16. www.repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:1801. 17. www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/33AnasuaBasuray.pdf.
Other Papers:
1. Bharadwaj Prashant, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, Atif Mian, The Big March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India, Faculty Research Working papers Series, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2008, RWP08-029. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mt949nt.
2. Nilanjana Chatterjee, Interrogating Victimhood: East Bengali Refugee Narratives of Communal Violence
www.swadhinata.org.uk/.../chatterjeeEastBengal%20Refugee.pdf 3. Singh M Amarjeet, A Study on Illegal Immigration into North-East
India: The Case of Nagaland, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses – Occasional Paper No.8, New Delhi, November 2009
4. Waldinger, Roger D and Fitzgeraid, David, Transnationalism in Question, eScholarship, University of California, 2003
219
Appendix I
Letter to the Political Agent of Tripura by Minister of Tripura State on 6th June, 1921
“I am directed by the Durbar to address you in a matter of great importance in
connection with the trouble due to the exodus of coolies from the Assam Tea
Gardens, the alleged incidents at Chandpur and the unfortunate strikes and
hartals all over the country which have affected this territory along with the
bordering British Districts. You have already been informed by me, and His
Highness’s Chief Secretary and Private Secretary of the recent troubles into
which the Durbar have been dragged by the agitators.
2. This situation has given rise to a thought in his Highness’s mind as to how he
could render some services to the Imperial Government in the midst of this
general turmoil. A solution presents itself of His Highness in offering a decent
livelihood to the disaffected coolies in this territory. The Durbar are prepared
to find shelter, land and employment for them if they choose to come and settle
in this territory. They are ready to receive all the coolies (with the exception of
those who are lying ill) stranded at Chandpur, pay for Railway fare of Akhaura
if the Assam-Bengal Railway demands the same and give them food and shelter
on the following understanding among other things which may be settled in
conference with the coolies, their advisers, popular leaders and the
Government of Bengal:
i) If the coolies agree to settle in this territory the Durbar will grant some land to
each family for cultivation and building their houses on. No rent shall be
payable for such lands for the first year of settlement – a reasonable rent shall
be assessed on the expiry of the year and this rent will be regulated from time
to time by the laws of the land governing the relationship of landlord and
tenant.
ii) The Durbar will supply temporary cottage for the immediate shelter of the
coolies and feed them for 3 days of their arrival.
iii) The Durbar will be ready to receive batches of 508 souls dayly, 3 days after
their intention to come here is intimated to the Durbar.
220
iv) The A. B. Railway should undertake to carry the coolies at Chandpur free of
fare or at reduced fare or even at full fare to be paid by the Durbar in the event
of their refusal to grant concessions.
v) The Durbar will not receive the persons who are lying ill at Chandpur and
their families until they are all right and declared fit to travel. State doctors
will examine and pass them before they are taken charge of at Chandpur.
vi) The coolies will be free to serve anybody they like. If it is desired, the Durbar
will themselves employ them if they want.
vii) A census of the coolies will be taken by the State Agents before they depart
from Chandpur.
viii) No one will be forced to live a life of labour if he wants to turn a cultivator.
ix) The Durbar shall provide Civil protection, Medical aid and the education for
the coolies at their settlement.
x) The coolies shall be free to leave their territory at anytime they like or should
they desire to go back to their ancestral homes or change their residence.
3. The Durbar will feel thankful by your kind intervention in obtaining the
approval of the Government of Bengal to these proposals by immediate.
Telegraphic communication as there is no time to loose and request you to be
so good as to place yourself in communication with the local Government
Officers, popular leaders.
221
Appendix II
Message given by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel the then Minister of Home Affairs, on the
occasion of the Merger of Tripura on 15th October 1949.
Merger of Tripura on 15th October 1949.
The State of Tripura, with the isolated situation yet occupying a
position of strategic importance of the Eastern borders of India, has an
ancient history and a rich culture. The partition of the country has, however,
brought in each train for this small State a host of problems, which, in the
present State of its development was impossible for it to solve on its own
resources. The State has potentialities and the sources, which it tapped and
properly exploited, would be an asset to the country. For all their reason, the
Government of India and Her Highness, the Maharani Regent acting on behalf
of Minor Ruler, came to the conclusion that in the interest of the welfare of the
State and of the country as a whole, it was essential that the Centre should
make itself directly responsible for its administration and its wellbeing. I am
most grateful to Her Highness for having come to this agreement. Her was not
any easy task in the peculiar circumstance in which she found herself. I am
sure that providence will reward her for the courage and boldness with which
she has taken this decision. To the people of Tripura, I can only say this:
though far (and remote) from the capital city of the country, will always claim
our attention and we shall do our best to ensure that its link and connection
with the main land are strengthened and it comes nearer to us. They will not
stand-alone to battle with the manifold problems that confront them. They will
have the resources and the assistance of the Centre on which they can count.
With their cooperation and help, we hope that we shall deal with their
problems efficiently and effectively. May God bless our joint effort with
success.
222
Appendix III
Resignation letter, given by Jogendra Nath Mandal, (the first minister of Law and
Labour in Pakistan) to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan.
My dear Prime Minister
It is with a heavy heart and a sense of utter frustration at the failure
of my lifelong mission to uplift the backward Hindu masses of East Bengal
that I feel compelled to tender resignation of my membership of your
cabinet. It is proper that I should set forth in detail the reasons, which have
prompted me to take this decision at this important juncture of the Indo-
Pakistani subcontinent.
…. An instance of callous and cold-blooded brutality is furnished by
the incident that took place on December 20, 1949 in Kalshira under P.S.
Mollarhat in the District of Khulna. What happened was that late at night
four constables raided the house of one Joydev Brahma in village Kalshira
in search of some alleged Communists. At the scent of the police, half a
dozen of young men, some of whom might have been Communists, escaped
from the house. The police constable entered into the house and assaulted
the wife of Joydev Brahma whose cry attracted her husband and a few
companions who escaped from the house. They became desperate, re-
entered the house, found 4 constables with one gun only. That perhaps
might have encouraged the young men who struck a blow on an armed
constable who died on the spot. The young men then attacked another
constable when the other two ran away and raised alarm, which attracted
some neighbouring, people who came to their rescue. As the incident took
place before sunrise when it was dark, the assailants fled with the dead body
before the villagers could come. The S.P. of Khulna with a contingent of
military and armed police appeared on the scene in the afternoon of the
following day. In the meantime, the assailants fled and the intelligent
neighbours also fled away. But the bulk of the villagers remained in their
houses as they were absolutely innocent and failed to realise the
consequence of the happening. Subsequently, the S.P., the military and
armed police began to beat mercilessly the innocents of the entire village,
223
encouraged the neighbouring Muslims to take away their properties. A
number of persons were killed and men and women were forcibly converted.
Household deities were broken and places of worship desecrated and
destroyed. Several women were raped by the police, military and local
Muslims. Thus a veritable hell was let loose not only in the village of
Kalshira which is 1-1/2 miles in length with a large population, but also in a
number of neighbouring Namahsudra villages. The village Kalshira was
never suspected by the authority to be a place of Communist activities.
Another village called Jhalardanga, which was at a distance of 3 miles from
Kalshira, was known to be a centre of Communist activities. This village
was raided by a large contingent of police on that day for hunt of the
alleged Communists, a number of whom fled away and took shelter in the
aforesaid house of village Kalshira which was considered to be a safe place
for them.
I visited Kalshira and one or two neighbouring villages on the 28th
February 1950. The S.P., Khulna and some of the prominent League leaders
of the district were with me. When I came to the village Kalshira, I found the
place desolate and in ruins. I was told in the presence of S.P. that there were
350 homesteads in this village, of these, only three had been spared and the
rest had been demolished. Country boats and heads of cattle belonging to the
Namasudras had been all taken away. I reported these facts to the Chief
Minister, Chief Secretary and Inspector of General of Police of East Bengal
and to you.
It may be mentioned in this connection that the news of this incident
was published in West Bengal Press and this created some unrest among the
Hindus there. A number of sufferers of Kalshira, both men and women,
homeless and destitute had also come to Calcutta and narrated the stories of
their sufferings which resulted in some communal disturbances in West Bengal
in the last part of January….
224
Appendix IV
Question paper of Pakistan Central Superior Service, 1955
Source: Jagaran (Bengali Weekly), Agartala, 16th May, 1958.
225
Appendix V
Return of the refugees from Tripura
Source: Jagaran (Bengali daily), Agartala, Tripura, 18th December, 1971.
226
Appendix VI
Protest against nepotism and corruption by the newspaper Jagaran, Agartala
i)
Source: Jagaran, 9th January, 1958
ii)
Source: Jagaran, 16th February, 1958
227
iii)
Source: Jagaran, 19th January, 1958.
iv)
Source: Jagaran, 29th April, 1958
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