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Bibliometric Big Data and its Uses

Dr. Gali Halevi

Elsevier, NY

In memoriam

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRBqTqtMncw

The Multidimensional Research Assessment Matrix

Unit of assessment

Purpose Output dimensions

Bibliometric indicators

Other indicators

Individual Allocate resources Research productivity

Publications Peer review

Research group Improve performance

Quality, scholarly impact

Journal citation impact

Patents, licences, spin offs

Department Increase multi-discipl. research

Innovation and social benefit

Actual citation impact

Invitations for conferences

Institution Increase regional engagement

Sustainabi-lity & Scale

Internat. co-authorship

External research income

Research field Promotion, hiring Research infrastruct.

citation ‘prestige’ PhD com-pletion rates

Unit of assessment

Purpose Output dimensions

Bibliometric indicators

Other indicators

Individual Allocate resources

Research productivity

Publications Peer review

Research group Improve performance

Quality, scholarly impact

Journal citation impact

Patents, licences, spin offs

Department Increase multi-discipl. research

Innovation and social benefit

Actual citation impact

Invitations for conferences

Institution Increase regional engagement

Sustainabi-lity & Scale

Internat. co-authorship

External research income

Research field Promotion, hiring

Research infrastruct.

citation ‘prestige’

PhD com-pletion rates

Read column-

wise

Unit of assessment

Purpose Output dimensions

Bibliometric indicators

Other indicators

Individual Allocate resources

Research productivity

Publications Peer review

Research group Improve performance

Quality, scholarly impact

Journal citation impact

Patents, licences, spin offs

Department Increase multi-discipl. research

Innovation and social benefit

Actual citation impact

Invitations for conferences

Institution Increase regional engagement

Sustainabi-lity & Scale

Internat. co-authorship

External research income

Research field Promotion, hiring

Research infrastruct.

citation ‘prestige’

PhD com-pletion rates

Indicators that are appropriate in one context may be useless or invalid in another

The choice of indicators depends upon:

What units is to be assessed

Which aspect is being assessed?

Why is the assessment done?

“Meta” assumptions on the state of the system under assessment

Recruitment of new researchers at research

universities

Select the best researchers

Rank researchers by average impact factor of

journals in which they published and select nr.

1

Meta-level : Policy

issue

Policy measure

Bibliometric- operationali-

zation

CASE 1 [My view: Inappropriate use]

Research community is not

sufficiently oriented toward

international networks

Stimulate publication in good

international journals

Count and reward articles in the first

impact quartile of journals in subject

field

Meta-level = Policy

issue

Policy measure

Bibliometric -

operationali-

zation

CASE 2 [My view: Appropriate use]

Big Data in Bibliometrics In the past decade bibliometric data expanded to include a variety

of large scale data such as: Citations References

Key words (descriptors)

Usage data Full text analytics

The availability of the data and technological capabilities brought forth a strong proliferation of bibliometric databases and data-analytical tools for the development of: Sophisticated and custom scientific evaluation Indicators Measurements of the behavior of researchers, journal editors and

publishers; societal impact indicators of research, such as its technological value

or its contribution to the enlightenment of the general public; Creation and analysis of large datasets by combining multiple

datasets.

Compound Big Datasets and their objects of study

Examples of Big Data Analysis in Bibliometrics and its uses

Relationships between Downloads & Citations

Answers questions such as:

1. How is my research impactful?

2. Are my resources optimized?

Article cycle

Citations (red curve, low numbers)

The effect of citations upon

downloads

Corrected proof online 04-03-2008

Corrected paginated proof online 22-08-2008 Downloads

14

Large differences in SD download patterns among journals

Analysis by journal and doc type

1. The number of a journal’s downloads is about 100 times its number of citations (in a 5 yr window)

2. The “advantage” of reviews over normal articles is much larger for downloads than it is for citations

3. Findings suggest that in performance measurement reviews are better handled separately

4. Large differences exist between journals in the absolute level and temporal patterns in download counts

16

Patents and scientific articles: Library Science Example Answers questions such as:

1. How does my research impacts the economy?

2. Can I direct my research better?

3. Can I foster corporate / academic relations?

Co-Citations analysis in Patents

We found that from 1999 the terms began to appear in Patents

Co-Citations analysis in Patents The first patent that uses co-citation analysis as a method is a Xerox

patent that uses co-citation analysis to generate clusters of documents in a database.

Other Assignees included Google, AT&T, Microsoft and others

Predictive Trends Modelling with Author and Index Keywords

Answers questions such as:

1. What are the upcoming trends in my discipline?

2. Who is researching in emerging areas?

Why use Author Keywords

Author keywords are assigned by the researchers themselves to describe their work

They show unique tagging of the content especially when a new discovery or methodology is concerned

When tracked over time they can show growth, adoption and development

When compared to the Index keywords they are able to show new concepts later on adopted by the mainline thesauri and indexes

http://public.tableausoftware.com/views/Presentationlink/Sheet1?:embed=y&:display_count=no

Distribution Wind Heat Engine Heat exchanger Heat pump

Thermal Performance

Citation context analysis Combining citation data with full text article data

Answers questions such as:

1. Where is your research cited

2. How multidisciplinary your research is

Citation density & sectional distribution

Most citations appear in the introduction

There are slightly more out-discipline citations than in-discipline citations

The findings section followed by the discussion section are the second and third sections where citations appear.

Towards an Author Evaluation Tool (AET)

Current state

Several metrics are widely used in research performance including:

Journal Impact Factor

H-Index

G-Index

i10-Index

(And others; See http://www.harzing.com/pophelp/metrics.htm#gindex )

Most of these methods are based on articles / citations counting and calculating their value to come up with a single number

Methods based on statistical calculations have been highly criticized due to their rigid nature , complexity and lack of context

Despite of the growing criticism of the research evaluation methodologies, evaluative metrics are still needed for:

Research and researcher performance

Research funding

Lessons learned

When developing new indicators/metrics we need to Base our work established and accepted methods

Combine methods in a way that gives proper weight to each

Take into account every data point possible so that the indicator is as comprehensive as possible

Make the method flexible enough to be able and contain future data points and/or methods

Allow the person or institution measured certain amount of control over the data being calculated

Aims for a simple, understandable metric that is transparent and easy to use

Basic characteristics of the Self-Organizing Research Assessment Metrics

Our model of author assessment combines proper benchmarking with data accuracy enhancement tools

The tool facilitates completeness check and corrections of assessed author’s publication list

Compares an assessed author with other researchers who are active in the same subject field

Compare an assessed author with other researchers who are in the same phase of their scientific career

Can be easily used by tenured and young researchers as a self-assessment tool , and also by administrators and analysts

Selecting an author and collecting publications data

We tested level 2 of the

model using author data

found in Scopus in the

field of energy

Creating the field appropriateness via cited references

This includes the journal,

authors and years of

publication of the cited

references

Creating the benchmarking network

Selecting the appropriate benchmarking network

Author Evaluation Metrics

Number of articles are above the median compared to the benchmarked network

Citations are slightly below the median compared to the benchmarked network

Citations per article are at the bottom 25% compared to the benchmarked network

The author has a high publication rate but it is not as impactful

XXX

34

Valuable notions and distinctions

Data accuracy is crucial

Use data verified by authors themselves

Combine metrics and expert knowledge

Impact factors are no substitutes of actual impact

Use multiple indicators

Take into account career phase

Take into account unintended effects

Focus on top vs. bottom of quality distribution

Co-Authorship & Collaboration

Answers questions such as:

1. How diverse are my collaborations?

2. Can I expand my research collaborations?

3. Who and in which countries should I be collaborating with and on what?

Main research questions and bibliometric indicators used in this study

A bibliometric model for capturing the state of scientific development

PRE- DEVELOPMENT Low research activity without clear policy or structural funding of research.

BUILDING- UP

Collaborations with developed countries are established. National researchers enter international scientific networks.

CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION

The country develops its own scientific infrastructure. The amount of funds available for research increases.

INTERNATIONALISATION

Research institutions in the country start functioning as fully fledged partners, and increasingly take the lead in international collaborations.

Colombia’s Scientific Collaborations

Subject Areas

Colombia’s Collaborations in Medicine

Colombia’s Collaborations in Agriculture

Dr. Gali Halevi | Senior Research Analyst and Program Director Email: g.halevi@elsevier.com