big bang theory powerpoint - rajhans95.files.wordpress.com · grand unification epoch electroweak...

Big Bang

Theory

PowerPoint

Grand Unification Epoch

Electroweak Epoch

Inflationary Epoch

Quark Epoch

Hadron Epoch

Hadron Epoch

Photon Epoch

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Recombination

The Primordial Era

Name: ______________ # ____ Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Left is late

Right on time

Big Bang Theory

Color Code by Time

• Grand Unification Epoch

• Inflationary Epoch

• Electroweak Epoch

• Quark Epoch

• Hadron Epoch

• Lepton Epoch

• Photon Epoch

Grand Unification Epoch

Electroweak Epoch

Inflationary Epoch

Quark Epoch

Hadron Epoch

Hadron Epoch

Photon Epoch

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Recombination

The Primordial Era

Name: ______________ # ____ Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Left is late

Right on time

Big Bang Theory

What is a Theory?

• A Theory is a system of rules and principles that can be applied to different circumstances. Usually there is evidence which suggests that a theory is true.

What is a Theory?

• A Natural Law is a theory that

has been refined, tested, and

confirmed.

• A Theory is only good until

additional evidence

• disproves it.

What is the Big Bang?

• The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory about the origin

of the universe.

What is the Big Bang?

• According to the Big Bang, the universe was created

sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from

a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all

directions.

What is the Big Bang?

•Our best

understanding is

•13.7

•billion years old.

Who first proposed the Big

Bang?

• In 1927, the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître was the first to propose that the universe began with

the explosion of a primeval atom.

Georges Lemaître

Who first proposed the Big Bang?

• Lemaître’s proposal came after observing the red shift in distant

nebulas by astronomers.

Red Shift

•Red shift

• indicates objects

moving away from

•an observer.

Red Shift

• Wavelengths are longer,

• moved towards the red part of the spectrum

Red Shift

Blue Shift

•Blue shift

• indicates objects

moving towards

•an observer.

Blue Shift

• Blueshift

• Wavelengths are shorter,

• moved towards the blue part of the

spectrum

Blue Shift

• Blueshift

• Wavelengths are shorter,

• moved towards the blue part of the spectrum

Blue Shift

Evidence for the Big Bang

• In 1929,

• Edwin Hubble

• found experimental evidence

to help justify Lemaître's

theory and confirm the

redshifts.

Edwin Hubble

Whirlpool Galaxy

Evidence for the Big Bang

• He found that distant galaxies in every direction are going away from us with speeds proportional

to their distance.

Evidence for the Big Bang

• Galaxies are vast collections of stars.

Galaxies like the Milky Way have hundreds of

billions of stars.

Evidence for the Big Bang

• Some galaxies have

trillions of stars while

others have only a few

million stars.

Whirlpool Galaxy

What does this mean?

• This means that the

closer Galaxies are

moving away from us

slowly.

What does this mean?

• The farther Galaxies

are moving away faster

yet.

What does this mean?

• This means that the closer Galaxies are moving away from us slowly.

• The farther Galaxies are moving away faster yet.

Expanding Raisins

• Galaxies in the Universe are like raisin bread, the close ones only move a little when baked.

Expanding Raisins

• When the bread bakes, the

far raisins move the most.

•http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ContentMe

dia/990404b.gif

Hubble’s Law Tests of the Big Bang: Expansion •This simple ratio

between the distance

and the speed of

galaxies moving away

from each other, set forth in 1929,

This ratio Tests of the Big Bang: Expansion

•is now known as

Hubble’s law.

•It shows that the

universe is expanding.

An Expanding and

Accelerating Universe

Distance vs. Velocity

Hubble’s Law

Origin of the term Big Bang

•The term "Big Bang" was coined in 1949

by Fred Hoyle during a BBC radio program,

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• The first key idea dates to 1916

when Einstein developed his

• General Theory of Relativity

which he proposed as a new

theory of gravity.

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• His theory generalizes Isaac Newton's original theory of gravity, c. 1680, in that it is supposed to be valid for bodies in motion as well as bodies at rest. Newton's gravity is only valid for bodies at rest or moving very slowly compared to the speed of light (usually not too restrictive an assumption!).

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• A key concept of General Relativity is that gravity is no longer described by a

gravitational "field" but rather it is supposed to be a distortion of space

and time itself. Physicist John Wheeler put it well when he said "Matter tells

space how to curve, and space tells matter how to move."

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• Originally, the theory was able to account for peculiarities in the

orbit of Mercury and the bending of light by the Sun, both

unexplained in Isaac Newton's theory of gravity. In recent years, the theory has passed a series of

rigorous tests.

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• After the introduction of General

Relativity a number of scientists,

including Einstein, tried to apply the

new gravitational dynamics to the

universe as a whole. At the time this

required an assumption about how the

matter in the universe was distributed.

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• The simplest assumption to make is that if you viewed the contents of the universe with sufficiently poor vision, it would appear roughly the same everywhere and in every direction.

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• That is, the matter in the

universe is homogeneous and

isotropic when averaged over

very large scales.

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• This is called the

Cosmological Principle.

• This assumption is being tested continuously as we actually observe the distribution of galaxies on ever larger scales..

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• The following picture shows

how uniform the distribution

of measured galaxies is over a

30° swath of the sky.

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• In addition the

• cosmic microwave background radiation,

• which is the leftover heat from

• the Big Bang is called the CMB.

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• CMB has a temperature which is highly uniform over the entire sky. This fact strongly supports the notion that the gas which emitted this radiation long ago was very uniformly distributed.

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

• General Relativity and Cosmological Principle

• These two ideas form the entire theoretical basis for Big Bang cosmology and lead to very specific predictions for observable properties of the universe.

Tests of Big Bang Cosmology

•Expansion

•The Light Elements

•The CMB

Confirmation of the Theory

• The Big Bang Theory received its strongest confirmation when the cosmic background radiation was discovered in 1964 by Arno

Penzias and Robert Wilson.

Confirmation of the Theory

• Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, later

won the Nobel Prize for this discovery.

Penzias and Wilson

• Arno Penzias and Robert

Wilson in front of the Bell

Laboratories Radio Telescope.

• Click the picture to hear the sound.

Background Radiation

• Penzias and Wilson found radio signals in all areas of the sky.

• These radio signals have a hissing sound.

• The radio waves are at a temperature of 3 degrees above absolute zero.

Support for the Theory

• The big bang was initially suggested because it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great

speeds.

Support for the Theory

• The theory also predicts the existence of cosmic

background radiation (the glow left over from the

explosion itself).

Cosmic Background Radiation

• The Cosmic Background Radiation is microwave radiation found in all parts of the sky.

Cosmic Background Radiation

• The color

changes are due

to only

0.1 degrees of

temperature

difference.

What Does This Mean?

• If all the Galaxies are moving away from us, are we at the center of

the Universe?

What Does This Mean?

• No, if we could be on another galaxy we would

see the same thing, everything would be

moving away from that galaxy.

The Center?

• This means that all matter seen in the Universe was formed at the same time, at the same place, in the center of the Universe.

The Center?

• Everything can be

considered to be at the

center of the Universe,

according to your

perspective.

Reversing Time

• Astronomers have taken all the Galaxies and moved them backward in time to the point when they would have come from the same point.

Reversing Time

•This point is called a

singularity.

What was it like?

• Astrophysicists do not know the proper physics

to describe the beginning exactly, but

have some ideas.

What was it like?

• At one – ten millionth of a second, the

temperature of the Universe was very hot,

over

• 1 Trillion degrees.

WMAP has produced a new, more detailed picture of the infant universe. Colors indicate "warmer" (red) and "cooler" (blue) spots. The white bars show the "polarization" direction of

the oldest light. This new information helps to pinpoint when the first stars formed and provides new clues about events that transpired in the first trillionth of a second of the universe.

WMAP has produced a new, more detailed picture of the infant universe. Colors indicate "warmer" (red) and "cooler" (blue) spots. The white bars show the "polarization" direction of

the oldest light. This new information helps to pinpoint when the first stars formed and provides new clues about events that transpired in the first trillionth of a second of the universe.

Density of the Beginning

• The density was estimated to have been

more than 5 x 1013 grams per cubic

centimeter.

Density of the Beginning

• This matter was high-energy photons.

• According to Einstein’s Theory, energy can convert to matter.

Matter in the Universe

• As energy converted to matter, antimatter was also

created.

• This antimatter and matter collided, giving back energy to the system.

Matter in the Universe

• As the Universe continued to expand,

the temperature cooled.

4 Seconds of Time

•After 4 seconds of time, the Universe had cooled

enough for electrons, protons, and neutrons to

form.

30 Minutes of Time

• By the time the Universe was 30 minutes old it had

cooled sufficiently that nuclear reactions had

combined to form elements.

30 Minutes of Time

•25 % helium

75 % hydrogen

30 Minutes of Time

•25 % helium

75 % hydrogen

300,000 years

• At 379,000 years

• from the Big Bang,

• the Universe had cooled enough for it to become

transparent and light could escape.

• Before this time, no light could escape.

300,000 years

• The temperature had

reached 3,000

degrees.

Dark Age

• As the Universe

continued to expand, the

glow of the Big Bang

had faded so it became

dark.

Dark Age

• Eventually, matter coalesced from nebulas of dust and gas to form

stars.

• These stars had no metals in them.

First Stars

• The first stars formed with the ratio of 75% hydrogen

and 25% helium.

• These were massive stars and were very unstable and

lived for a short time.

First Stars

• These were massive stars

and were very unstable and

lived for a short time, before

exploding in extreme

violence as a supernova

explosion.

First Stars

• These massive stars

exploded giving rise to

more massive elements,

such as oxygen, nitrogen,

iron, and uranium.

Element Abundance (% of

total Abundance

number of atoms) (% of total mass)

Hydrogen 91.2 71.0

Helium 8.7 27.1

Oxygen 0.078 0.97

Carbon 0.043 0.40

Nitrogen 0.0088 0.096

Silicon 0.0045 0.099

Magnesium 0.0038 0.076

Neon 0.0035 0.058

Iron 0.030 0.014

Sulfur 0.015 0.040

Birth of Black Holes

• As Galaxies formed, the

first massive stars

formed in the center of

the Galaxy where most

of the matter was found.

Birth of Black Holes

• When these massive

stars exploded they

formed Black Holes.

• We see evidence of

these Black Holes in the

first Galaxies.

Black Holes

•As matter

gets

sucked

into the

Black Hole,

energy

leaves as a

jet at the

poles.

Is all matter light, such as

hydrogen and helium?

• Our Solar System has a lot of

heavier elements, such as

iron and uranium. These

elements were not found in

the early Universe.

Is all matter light, such as

hydrogen and helium?

• It has been suggested that the matter for our solar

system is 3rd generation, meaning it has been a part of at least 2 other stars which

have exploded.

Star Dust

• Heavy elements can

only be made from

the explosion of

massive stars.

Star Dust

• Due to the fact that our bodies are made of

heavier elements, such as iron in our blood, we can say that humans are

made of Star Dust.

Accelerating Universe

• When we look into the

depths of space, we see a

myriad number of galaxies,

all moving away from us.

Accelerating Universe

• These galaxies are accelerating. This

means they are going faster and faster.

What Causes This Acceleration?

•Something must be

causing the Universe to

go faster.

What Causes This Acceleration?

• Dark Matter and Dark

Energy are suggested to

be causing this

acceleration.

The Visible Universe

• The dark energy is the

push that causes our

Universe to accelerate

outward.

The Visible Universe

• is only

•4% visible matter,

• dark matter about 30%, and

dark energy about 66%.

Will the Universe keep

expanding?

• Astronomers think with the amount of matter found in

the Universe, that the Universe will keep

accelerating and expanding forever outward.

What will happen to the

Universe?

• As the Universe continues to expand, the

stars and galaxies will become farther away

and more difficult to see.

What will happen to the

Universe?

• Eventually, all the stars and galaxies that we

currently see will slowly burn out leaving the

Universe dark and cold.

• The Hubble

Deep Field

picture

shows

thousands of

galaxies,

some at the

beginning of

their

formation.

• The

Hubble

Ultra Deep

Field

picture

shows

thousands

of

galaxies,

some at

the

beginning

of their

formation.

What is the End?

• This is the end of our powerpoint.

• The end of the universe will look like this……

Photon Epoch

Dark Ages

Stelliferous Era

Degenerate Era

BlackHole Era

The Dark Era

Photon Epoch

Dark Ages

Stelliferous Era

Degenerate Era

BlackHole Era

The Dark Era

Color Code by Time

• Grand Unification Epoch

• Inflationary Epoch

• Electroweak Epoch

• Quark Epoch

• Hadron Epoch

• Lepton Epoch

• Photon Epoch