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Managing BiosolidsHay Production

Hay is cut 6 to

Hay Production

Hay is cut 6 to 9 times per yearHay is cut and left to dry for 3-4 days4 daysHay is rowed and baled within 1 day

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Managing BiosolidsRound Bales

Typically

Round Bales

yp yround bales are shipped to dairiesto dairies across the island

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Managing BiosolidsRound BalesRound Bales

Dairy cattle benefitbenefit greatly from the higherhigher protein content

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Managing BiosolidsSquare BalesSquare Bales

Square bales are typically for local d i i d fdairies and farms

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Managing BiosolidsSquare BalesSquare Bales

Square bales are typically for local d i i d hdairies and horses

Paso Fino

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Managing BiosolidsGreen ChopGreen Chop

Green Chop is sold to local farmers for cattle and horsescattle and horses, care must be taken due to the high protein contentprotein content

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Managing BiosolidsGreen Chop

Local farmers mix

Green Chop

Local farmers mix the high protein green chop with local grasses lower in protein

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Managing BiosolidsSilageSilage

Silage is sold exclusively to d i idairies

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Managing BiosolidsSilageSilage

When mixed with native forage grassesforage grasses the silage improves milk prod ctionproduction, reproductive health and muscle growth

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Managing BiosolidsMonitoring

Regulatory sampling

Monitoring

and analysis is conducted regularly18 wells and 14 canals18 wells and 14 canalsGround water, biosolids and vegetation

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Managing BiosolidsForage Analysis

Analysis Used Description

Forage Analysis

Analysis Used Description

Fermentation Started various silageFermentation Analysis

Started various silage acids; lactic, acetic, proprionic and b ibutyric

Microbial Analysis Annual Yeast and mold countscounts

Mycotoxin Screens Monthly Levels of Aflotoxin, produced by molds

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produced by molds

Managing BiosolidsMonitoring

Parámetros de Aguas Aguas Parámetros en

Monitoring

Cumplimiento Frecuencia Subterráneas Superficiales cumplimiento

(pozos) (canales) ^RECASólidos di ltdisueltos totales trimestral x x xCarbón órganico total trimestral x x xpH trimestral x x xDemanda química de oxígeno trimestral x x xColiformes totales trimestral x x x

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Managing BiosolidsMonitoring

Parámetros de Aguas Aguas Parámetros en

Monitoring

Cumplimiento Frecuencia Subterráneas Superficiales cumplimiento

(pozos) (canales) ^RECATKN trimestral x x xNitrógeno-nitrato trimestral x x xNitrógeno-amonia trimestral x x xSodio trimestral x x xSodio trimestral x x xCloruro trimestral x x xFósforo total trimestral x x xSulfuro-sulfato trimestral x x x

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Managing BiosolidsMonitoring

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Monitoring

Calidad de Biosólidos Inyectados Clase B

EPA Ceiling Part 503 Compliance

Part 503 Concentration period YEAR 2000

Pollutant limits (mg/kg) min avg max

Arsenic 75 2.9 4 4.8

Cadmium 85 1 1 1.3

Cromium 3,000 21 33 38

Copper 4,300 310 395 470

Lead 840 16 18 21

Mercury 57 0.6 1 1.2

M l bd 75 10 12 15Molybdenum 75 10 12 15

Nickel 420 25 36 59

Selenium 100 2 3 3.9

Zinc 7,500 345 439 630

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Fecal Coliform < 2,000,000 3 10,472 60,531

Treatment Conclusion•VOC’s and Hydrogen Sulfide presented the greatest challenges,•Constant MLSS Strategy worked best,•No Chlorination,•Extensive testing proved forage crops g p g psafe for dairy and meat cattle and other livestock,• High nitrogen wastes require careful• High nitrogen wastes require careful application modeling,

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E iEmerging C t i tContaminants

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Why are Emerging C t i t f C ?Contaminants of Concern?

IncreasingIncreasing degradation of available water from

th ianthropogenic sources

Di f dDiscovery of adverse health effects at increasingly minute c eas g y uteconcentrations of contaminants

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Why are Emerging C fContaminants of Concern?

Sensational media reports of EDCs and PPCP i tPPCPs in water

Customer trust can be built through effectivebuilt through effective communications on ECs

Pro-active approach to o ac e app oac odealing with ECs when engaging in master planning

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planning

What are Emerging C t i t (EC)?Contaminants (EC)?

How to define “emerging contaminants”How to define emerging contaminantsNo regulatory definitionPossible definition: Contaminant with two or morePossible definition: Contaminant with two or more of these characteristics:

Not regulated Not regulated under SDWAunder SDWA

Limited info on Limited info on fate, transport, fate, transport,

and/orand/or

Limited info on Limited info on toxicological toxicological

effects on effects on h d/h d/

Limited Limited occurrence occurrence

d td t

Detected in Detected in drinking water drinking water

sources at sources at l l bl l bunder SDWAunder SDWA and/or and/or

treatmenttreatment humans and/or humans and/or ecosystemsecosystems

datadata levels above levels above backgroundbackground

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Surface Waters Impacted by A th i A ti itAnthropogenic ActivityEffluent organic matter

Precursors to disinfectant byproducts (DBPs)Effluent derived micropollutantsp

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs)Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)( )

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Groundwater Contamination

Perchlorate MTBE

NDMA 1,4-Dioxane

WW + CLM

VOCs/SOCs EDCs/PPCPs

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E l f EDCExamples of EDCs

- Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals(EDCs) interfere with endocrinesystem function Examples

- EPA formed Endocrine DisruptorScreening & Testing AdvisoryCommittee in 1996

• Alkyl phenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates• Bisphenol A• Cadmium• Dioxin• Hormones and metabolites (estradiols

- Estimated 87,000 EDCs (62,000 thatcould potentially cross

bi l i l

Hormones and metabolites (estradiols, testosterone, progesterone)

• Lead• Organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan,

lindane, methoxychlor, atrazine, DDT)• Phthalates [diethyl di (2 ethylhexyl)]biological

membranes)• Phthalates [diethyl, di (2-ethylhexyl)]• Polychlorinated biphenyls

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Source: AWWA

E l f PPCPExamples of PPCPs

- Pharmaceutical and Personal CareProducts (PPCPs) often enterwaters through sewage,

Examples• Antibioticswaters through sewage,

antibioticuse in animals

EPA has sponsored extensive

• Antibiotics • Anti-inflammatory medicines • Antiepileptic medicines• Blood lipid regulators

- EPA has sponsored extensivePPCP research into fate andtransport, exposure

pathways,ecological and human health

• Cough syrup• Fragrances• Hormones• Pain medicationecological and human health

effects, and monitoring toolsPain medication

• X-ray contrast media

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Source: AWWA

USGS National Reconnaissance: Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U S StreamsContaminants in U.S. Streams

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Source: USGS

Oth ECOther ECsDisinfectant byproductsyp

Trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids

P i t t ( d i )Persistent (and emerging) pathogens

e g Legionellae.g., LegionellaSalinityNutrientsNanoparticles and nanotechnology

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C l i ti f F tCulmination of FactorsOur drinking water supplies are increasinglyOur drinking water supplies are increasingly affected by trace pollutants

Influence of wastewater and human activityN t l l l ti itiNatural algal activities

Improved analytical techniques are allowing studies on the impact of low levels contaminantsp

New trace contaminantsNew DBPs

Very minute concentrations of contaminants mayVery minute concentrations of contaminants may be significant from health and environmental perspectives

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Water and Wastewater I d t O tl kIndustry Outlook

Additional thoughts on regulatory trends that could result inAdditional thoughts on regulatory trends that could result in more treatment needs:

Regulation of PPCPs and EDCs: It is not anticipated that PPCPs will be regulated for wastewater treatment plants in the next 5 10will be regulated for wastewater treatment plants in the next 5-10 years except maybe for WWTP discharges to a sensitive habitatMCLs established for new contaminantsMultipurpose treatment may gain popularity: e.g., U.S. EPA may eventually regulate by treatment process due to increasing difficulty associated with regulating contaminants one at timeT t t i t f l d t i j ti i t ifTreatment requirements for recycled water injection into aquifers

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Regulatory Significance of ECECs

Continuum of emerging contaminants

Federal Regulations

• Some EDCs

Regulations in some states

• Perchlorate

Notification Levels

• 1,4-Dioxane

Unregulated

• Hexavalent

Federal Regulations

• Some EDCs

Regulations in some states

• Perchlorate

Notification Levels

• 1 4-Dioxane

Unregulated

• Many EDCs• pesticides such as atrazine, chlordane, DDT, eldrin, lindane, methoxychlor, i i d

Perchlorate• MTBE

1,4 Dioxane• Some

nitrosamines• 1,2,3-TCP

Hexavalent chromium

• Many EDCs and PPCPsNanomaterials

Some EDCs• pesticides such as

atrazine, chlordane, DDT, eldrin, lindane, methoxychlor,

• Perchlorate• MTBE

• 1,4-Dioxane• Some

nitrosamines• 1,2,3-TCP

• Many EDCs and PPCPs

• Nanomaterials• Others

simazine, and toxaphene;

• other organics, such as benzo(a) pyrene, di(2-eth lhe l phthalae

• Nanomaterials• Others

y ,simazine, and toxaphene;

• other organics, such as benzo(a)pyrene, ethylhexyl phthalae, dioxin, and PCBs)

• Inorganics such as Cd, Pb, Hg

di(2-ethylhexyl phthalae, dioxin, and PCBs)

• Inorganics such as Cd, Pb, Hg

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Conventional Wastewater T t tTreatment

Influent

Effluent

Bar ScreenGrit Chamber Activated Sludge, 

Trickling FiltersSecondary Primary Clarifier

DisinfectantClarifier 

y

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Ad ti PAdsorption Processes

Activated Activated C bC bGACGAC PACPACCarbonCarbonGACGAC

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PAC Treatment Results

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Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007

GAC Treatment Results

Iopromide

Meprobamate

S lf h l

Hydrocodone

Ibuprofen

p

Estrone

Iopromide

Sulfamethoxazole 5%Breakthrough 20% Breakthrough

Atrazine

Caffeine

Estradiol

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000

Acetaminophen

BedVolumes

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Bed Volumes

Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007

Adsorption – Pros and Cons

Effective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs

Competitive Adsorption

Provides Other Cost of CarbonWQ Benefits

Cost of Carbon

No By-Product Issues

Spent Media Disposal / Replacement

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Replacement

Advanced Oxidation Processes

UV(AOPs)

+ H2O2

AOP UV‐O3‐ AOP AOPAOP

O+ H2O2

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O3

UV and UV AOP Results

8090100

val

40506070

nt Rem

ov

10203040

Percen

0

minop

hen

Atrazine

Caffeine

Estradiol

Estron

e

ocod

one

buprofen

osterone

etho

prim

C t S d t l WRF 2007

Acetam

Hydro Ib

Testo

Trime

UV (548 mJ/cm2)

UV (537 mJ/cm2)  + H2O2 (7.5 mg/L)

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Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007

Ozone and Ozone AOP Results

80

90

100

%)

Ozone=1.3 mg/L

50

60

70

Rem

oval

(% Ozone=1.2 mg/L + H2O2=0.0625 mg/L

20

30

40

Perc

ent R

0

10

fylline

ffeine

eron

e

eron

e

dion

e

rofen

lantin

epam

DEET

omide

amate

azine

Pentoxif

Caf

Testoste

Progeste

And

rosten

ed

Ibup Dil

Diaze

Iopro

Mep

roba Atr

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS

Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007

AOP Treatment – Pros and Cons

Effective for P ti lEffective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs

Partial Oxidation Products

Provides WQ Energy IntensiveProvides WQ

Other BenefitsIntensive Processes

Disinfection Scavenging & Interferences

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Membrane Treatment

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Integrated Membrane T t t

MF/UF NF/RO 

Treatment

Pre‐Treatment

MF/UF NF/RO

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RO Treatment - Pros and Cons

Effective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs 

Disposal of Brine Stream

l d Energy IntensiveBottled Water Quality

Energy Intensive Process

Other BenefitsHigh Life‐Cycle Cost

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Cost

Questions

Jess Richard NeffSenior Consultant

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.645 Griswold St.S it 1950Suite 1950Detroit, MI

313-964-2526

jneff@pirnie,com

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jneff@pirnie,com