big theme in biology: structure and function are related! this is true at all levels of...

Big theme in biology:

Structure and function are related!

This is true at all levels of organization: at the levels of molecules, organelles, cells,

tissues, organs, and organisms.

Note log scale.

Types of Cells1. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Bacteria Animals

Archaea Plants

Fungi

Protists

2. Categories based on differentiation

Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cell

Nucleoidregion

Nucleus

Eukaryotic cell Organelles

TE

M 1

5,00

0

Col

oriz

ed T

EM

15,

000

Fig 4.3A

Fig 24.1A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage

Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

NucleusSmooth endoplasmicreticulumRough

endoplasmicreticulum

Ribosomes

Golgiapparatus

Plasma membrane

Mitochondrion

Flagellum

Not in mostplant cells Lysosome

Centriole

Microtubule

CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament

Microfilament

Peroxisome

Figure 4.4A A “typical” animal cell

Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments

Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm

Organelle (part) Function (job)Mitochondria “powerhouse” converts food energy in to

usable energy (ATP)

ER Carries proteins throughout the cell.

Ribosomes Makes proteins

Golgi Bodies Receives, packages & sends materials.

Chloroplasts(plant only)

Captures light energy to make food energy

Vacuoles storage

Lysosomes Chemicals for breakdown.

Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center.

NucleusChromatin

Nucleolus

Pore

Ribosomes

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Two membranesof nuclearenvelope

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Nuclearenvelope

Rough ER

Ribosomes

Smooth ER

TE

M 4

5,0

00

Figure 4.7

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids.Rough ER makes membranes and proteins.

Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food.

Organization of a “typical” plant cell

Centralvacuole

Not inanimalcells

Chloroplast

Cell wall

Golgiapparatus

Nucleus

Microtubule

CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament

Microfilament

Ribosomes

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

Peroxisome

Plasma membrane

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Figure 4.4B

Fig 4.14

TE

M 9

,75

0

Chloroplast

Stroma

Intermembranespace

Inner and outermembranes

Granum

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy.

18

Human Cells: Organelles & Subcellular Structures

Genetic headquarters: Nucleus

Manufacturing:Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi.

Breakdown of materials (digestion):Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Energy Processing: Mitochondria

Support, Movement, and Communication:Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions

Cellular and sub-cellular levels

• Cell membrane has surface area of 1/30 the surface area of period on typical page. • Nucleus has a surface area of 1/10 of cell membrane.

Organelles and Subcellular Structures

ManufacturingNucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane system.)

Breakdown:Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles

Energy Processing:Chloroplasts, Mitochondria

Support, Movement, and Communication:Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions