bio 244 chapter 12 the eukaryotes _______ algae protozoa helminths
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Bio 244Chapter 12
THE EUKARYOTES
_______ALGAE
PROTOZOAHELMINTHS
CLASSIFICATION and BASIC PROPERTIES of ___________
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom __________
Nutritional Type _______________
Cellularity______-unicellularMold- multicellular
Food Acquisition Method Absorptive
Characteristic FeaturesSexual and/or asexual spores
O2 Requirements Aerobic or facultative anaerobic
ROLE of FUNGIBENEFICIAL– ___________ – Food source– Fermentation– _________ Production
HARMFUL– _______ disease
• Corn smut, mildew, wheat rust, elm and chestnut tree destruction
– _________ disease• Athlete’s foot, ringworm, thrush
– Habitat destruction– Food Spoilage
UNICELLULAR FUNGI: _______Unicellular Asexual Reproduction _________: yeast divide
symmetrically (evenly) budding: yeast divide asymmetrically
Figure 12.3
ROLE of S. cereviseae WINE PRODUCTION BREAD MAKING
Name the genus and species of 3 yeast.
MULTICELLULAR FUNGI:_______Vegetative hyphae – ________
________. Aerial hyphae – produce spores.
Mass of hyphae is a _________.
Figure 12.2
ROLE of MOLD CHEESE PRODUCTION ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION
FUNGAL DIMORPHISM
• Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are _____like at 37°C and ____-like at 28°C.
Figure 12.4
ASEXUAL vs. _________REPRODUCTION in FUNGI
• ___________– Organism has one parent– Offspring are genetically
________ to parent– Ex.: Budding,
Fragmentation,Asexual spores
Ex. Sporangio________ Conidio________
• SEXUAL– Cells from two different
parents unite– Offspring are genetically
__________– Sexual spores Ex. _____spores ______spores
Teleomorphic fungi – produce both asexual and sexual spores.Anamorphic fungi – produce only asexual spores; ex. Stachybotrys sp., Coccidioides sp.
_________ SPORES
Aspergillus sp.Figure 12.1
______ SPORES
ZYGOSPORE
ASCOSPORE
SPORANGIO- SPORES
CONIDIO- SPORES
Rhizopus sp.
CHARACTERISTICS of the PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTASaprophytic moldsCoenocytic __________________ spores – sporangiospores________ spores – zygospores
Ex.: Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold), Mucor species – opportunistic, systemic mycoses
LIFE CYCLE of _________ sp.
CHARACTERISTICS of the PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTAReferred to as ‘sac’ fungi (also includes some yeast)Septate hyphae Asexual spores – ________spores Sexual spores – _________spores -Aspergillus sp.(opportunistic, systemic mycosis) -Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic) -Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp. (cutaneous mycoses)
Life cycle of _________ sp.
FUNGAL DISEASES (MYCOSES)SUPERFICIAL-localized -Ex. hair shafts
_____________-hair, skin, nails– Ex. Ringworm, athlete’s foot
SUBCUTANEOUS-under skin– Ex. sporotrichosis
___________-deep within body– Ex. Histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis
OPPORTUNISTIC-normal micro-biota cause disease– Ex.- thrush, aspergillosis,
CUTANEOUS MYCOSES• Dermatomycoses
– Also known as ________ or ringworm
• Metabolize __________• Genera of fungi involved
– Trichophyton sp.: Infects hair, skin, and nails– Microsporum sp.: Infects hair and skin
• Treatment– Topical miconazole
Tinea pedis
SUBCUTANEOUS ________• More serious than cutaneous mycoses• _______trichosis
– Chronic infection, known as rose gardener’s disease
– Sporothrix sp.- common in soil (peat moss, potting mix)
– Enters puncture wound– Treated initially with potassium iodide (KI)
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES of the RESPIRATORY TRACTCOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
• Causative agent: Coccidioides sp.
• Reservoir: Desert soils of ___________
• Transmission: Inhalation of spores
• Symptoms: Fever, ________, weight loss
• Diagnosis: Serological tests • Treatment: Amphotericin B
HISTOPLASMOSIS
• Causative agent: Histoplasmosis sp.
• Reservoir: Soils of __________ Valley, caves
• Transmission: Inhalation of __________
• Symptoms: Nonspecific, coughing, _________
• Diagnosis: Serological tests,culture of sputum..
• Treatment: Amphotericin B
OTHER FUNGI INVOLVED IN __________ DISEASE
• COMMON GENERA:– Aspergillus sp.– Mucor sp.– Rhizopus sp.
• TYPE OF MYCOSIS - __________• PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
– Immunocompromised state– __________– Diabetes
FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE ________ SYSTEMMYCO______ INTOXICATIONS
DISEASEERGOT POISONING
AFLATOXIN POISONING
PATHOGEN Claviceps purpurea
Aspergillus flavus
SYMPTOMS Reduced blood to limbs
______ cirrhosis; ______ cancer
INTOXICATION/INFECTION
Mycotoxin in ____ Mycotoxin in food
DIAGNOSIS Sclerotia ( mass of hardened mycelia) in food
Immunoassay for toxin in food
TREATMENT None None
BASIC PROPERTIES of ________
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom _________? Plantae?
Nutritional Type ______________
CellularityUnicellularSome multicellular
Cellular ArrangementUnicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues
Characteristic Features Pigments
SOME BASIC TYPES of ALGAE• BROWN (_____)
– harvested for algin – medicinal uses
• __________– Harvested for ____ and carrageenan– Serves as food source– Produces __________
• GREEN– Gave rise to terrestrial plants-major source of O2
SOME BASIC TYPES of ALGAE cntd.• ___________
– Pectin and silica cell walls– Store oil– Fossilized diatoms formed oil– Produce ___________ acid
• DINOFLAGELLATES (_________)– Primary producers of food
in aquatic food chain– Food source in certain clams– Produce ____________– Algal blooms
_________Mutualistic combination of an ____ (or
cyanobacterium) & __________Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates,
fungus provides holdfast
BASIC PROPERTIES of __________Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Nutritional Type Chemoheterotroph
Cellularity Unicellular
Food Acquisition Method Absorptive; ingestive
Characteristic FeaturesMost are _______; some form _____; trophozoite stage
ReproductionAsexual (fission, budding, schizogony);Sexual(Conjugation)
COMMON PROTOZOAN GROUPS:AMOEBAFLAGELLATESCILIATESSPOROZOANS
Amoebae
Move by pseudopods Ex. Entamoeba sp.
Acanthamoeba sp.
Figure 12.18a
CILIATES
Move by ciliaComplex cells Ex. Paramecium sp. Balantidium coli
(only human __________)
_____________
No mitochondriaMultiple flagella Ex. Giardia lamblia Trichomonas _______
(no cyst stage)
Figure 12.17b-d
Pathogen Giardia lamblia
Symptoms ________, cramps, bloating
Reservoir Water, mammals
Diagnosis Microscopic, FA test
TreatmentMetronidazole; quinacrine
GIARDIASIS
Figure 23.22
PROTOZOA cntd
• Photoautotrophic flagellates
• ________ sp.
• Hemoflagellates– _________ sp.
• Sleeping sickness• Chagas’ disease rbc
PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA NonmotileLack mitochondria___________cellular protozoa Ex. Plasmodium sp.
PHYLUM MICROSPORANonmotile Intracellular parasites Ex.______________ grasshopper parasiteWhat is this an example of??
LIFE CYCLE of __________ sp.
Figure 12.19
Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human
Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced
Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells
Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes
1 2
3
4
6
Asexual reproduction
Intermediate host
Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell
Ringstage
Merozoites
Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes
7
5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites
Definitive host
In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote
8
Male gametocyte
Female gametocyte
Zygote
Sexualreproduction
Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito
9
Sporozoites in salivary gland
SEXUAL CYCLE ASEXUAL CYCLE
BASIC PROPERTIES of HELMINTHSDomain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Nutritional Type Chemoheterotroph
Cellularity All multicellular
Cellular Arrangement Tissues and organs
Food Acquisition Method Ingestive; absorptive
Characteristic Features Elaborate life cyclesCLASSIFICATION of HELMINTHS
Phylum: __________
(roundworms)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminths (_____worms) Class: Trematodes (flukes) Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)
LIFE CYCLES OF __________Egg _______ adult
Simple the number of hosts that harbor thedifferent stages of the helminth life cycle are few
Complexthe number of hosts that harbor the different stages of the
helminth life cycle are many
– _____________ HOSTS• Harbor _________ parasites• Parasites reproduce sexually• Eggs are shed
– INTERMEDIATE HOSTS• Harbor _______ stages• Parasites grow and reproduce sexually• More than 1 intermediate host may be involved
ARTHROPODS as _________ of DISEASE
Figure 12.33
Typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
______ Plague
Yersinia pestis
Tularemia
Francisella tularensis
Chagas’ Disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
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