biodiversity & conservation of cetaceans in taiwan lien-siang chou professor, institute of...

Biodiversity & Conservation Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwanof Cetaceans in Taiwan

Lien-Siang ChouLien-Siang Chou

Professor, Institute of Ecology & Professor, Institute of Ecology & EvolutionaryEvolutionary

Biology, National Taiwan Biology, National Taiwan UniversityUniversity

Founder, Taiwan Cetacean SocietyFounder, Taiwan Cetacean SocietyUnless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

NTU Lien Siang Chou

What are cetaceans?What are cetaceans?CetaceansCetaceans= whales + dolphins (porpoise)= whales + dolphins (porpoise)– Difference between whales & dolphins?Difference between whales & dolphins?

Difference from Fish?Difference from Fish?– Morphology…Morphology…– Physiology…Physiology…– Reproduction…Reproduction…

Hector’s Dolphin

Blue Whale

Humpback

Sperm Whale

Wiki Chris huh

What are Cetaceans? What are Cetaceans?

Order CetaceaOrder Cetacea 鯨目鯨目Suborder Mysticeti, Suborder Mysticeti, – Baleen whales Baleen whales 鬚鯨亞目鬚鯨亞目 ,,15 spp 15 spp

Suborder Odontoceti, Suborder Odontoceti, – Toothed whales Toothed whales 齒鯨亞目齒鯨亞目 ,, 70 spp 70 spp

Order CetaceaOrder Cetacea

鬚鯨亞目鬚鯨亞目(Suborder Mysticeti )(Suborder Mysticeti )

Foraging tool: baleenForaging tool: baleen

齒鯨亞目齒鯨亞目(Suborder Odontoceti)(Suborder Odontoceti)

Foraging tool: teethForaging tool: teeth

Flickr Patrick Keogh

Flickr TooFarNorth

Diet trace of tooth whalesDiet trace of tooth whales

Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih

Fish ear bones under microscopeFish ear bones under microscope

Species identificationSpecies identification

Body length estimationBody length estimation

Foraging water depthForaging water depthAcademia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih

Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-ChihAcademia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih

Baleen whale has two blow holes

Toothed whale has one blow hole

Flickr zorankovacevic

Flickr toniluca

How cetaceans understand their world ？By eyes?By sound?

Bottlenose dolphin Flickr Stacy Lynn Baum

Echolocation pathways

Wiki Emoscopes

Types of cetacean sound( 糙齒海豚 ) Rough toothed dolphin Pulsed type

( 糙齒海豚 ) Rough toothed dolphin Whistle, Unpulsed type

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 s

kHz NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 s

NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab

Spectrum- axis Y =Freqeuncy of sound (kHz) ; axis X= Length of sound (second) .

Song structure of Humpback Song structure of Humpback whale’s soundwhale’s sound

No. 4No. 4 No. 5No. 5 No. 6No. 6

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

Seconds

Song session (Hours)

Theme (~2 min)

Song (~12 min)

Subphrase

Phrase

NTU Lien-Siang Chour. Redraw by NTU 王有禎 based on the data from Peter G. H. Evans. 1987. The Natural History of Whales & Dolphins. Facts On File Publications.

How intelligent are cetaceansHow intelligent are cetaceans ？？IndicatorsIndicators

Brain structuresBrain structures

Learning/communication behaviorsLearning/communication behaviors

Brain and Body Weight Brain and Body Weight Animal Brain Weight

(grams)Body Weight(tonnes)

Brain Weight / Body Weight

Human (Homo) 1500 0.07 2.1%

Asiatic elephant (Elephas) 7500 5.00 0.15%

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops) 1600 0.17 0.94%

Common dolphin (Delphinus) 840 0.11 0.76%

Pilot whale (Globicephala) 2670 3.50 0.076%

Orca (Orcinus) 5620 6.00 0.094%

Cow (Bos) 500 0.6 0.08%

Sperm whale (Physeter) 7820 37.00 0.021%

Fin whale (Balaenoptera) 6930 90.00 0.008%

Source: by Mark Carwardine, 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2nd edn. Checkmark Books.

The BrainThe Brain

Bottlenose Dolphin

Cerebral Hemisphere

Cerebellum

Brain StemNTU Lien-Siang Chou. Redraw by NTU 王有禎 based on the data from Mark

Carwardine. 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2nd edn. Checkmark Books.

Learning types of dolphinsLearning types of dolphinsCommunicationCommunication

ImitationImitation

LanguageLanguage

Tool usingTool using

Creation (planned, innovative Creation (planned, innovative behavior)behavior)

Flickr Scott the Hobo Flickr Bill Strong

Flickr Gunrou

Learning in Language structureLearning in Language structure

L. M. Herman L. M. Herman great learning great learning

research!! research!!

University of Hawaii University of Hawaii

(movie)(movie)Video links:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz3sQsTE5tA&hd=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH68iL5SL3g&feature=related&hd=1

Uniqueness of cetaceansUniqueness of cetaceans

Extremely low fertilityExtremely low fertility How many offspring can a female cetacean How many offspring can a female cetacean

leave for her whole life?leave for her whole life?

High intelligenceHigh intelligence

High cognitive abilityHigh cognitive ability

101520

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

鯨豚種名編號

雌性

ㄧ生

子代

數目

Species name (by number)

No. of O

ffspring per fem

How many Cetacean species in How many Cetacean species in Taiwan ? Taiwan ?

Order Cetacea Order Cetacea 鯨目鯨目30 species recorded in Taiwan30 species recorded in Taiwan– Baleen whales (7)Baleen whales (7)– Toothed whales (23)Toothed whales (23)

2121This work is licensed by Forestry Bureau,Council of Agriculture Execultive Yuan, Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.

Order CetaceaOrder Cetacea 鯨目鯨目Suborder MysticetiSuborder Mysticeti 鬚鯨亞目鬚鯨亞目

Family BalaenidaeFamily Balaenidae 露脊鯨科露脊鯨科 0 sp0 sp

Family NeobalaenidaeFamily Neobalaenidae 小露脊鯨科小露脊鯨科 0 sp0 sp

Family EschrichtiidaeFamily Eschrichtiidae 灰鯨科灰鯨科 0 sp0 sp

Family BalaenopteridaeFamily Balaenopteridae 鬚鯨科鬚鯨科 8 sp8 sp

Suborder OdontocetiSuborder OdontocetiToothed whales Toothed whales 齒鯨亞目齒鯨亞目 (23 sp)(23 sp)

Family PhyseterideaFamily Physeteridea 抹香鯨科抹香鯨科 1 sp1 sp

Family KogiidaeFamily Kogiidae 小抹香鯨科小抹香鯨科 2 sp2 sp

Family Ziphiidae Family Ziphiidae 喙鯨科喙鯨科 4 sp 4 sp

Family PhocoenidaeFamily Phocoenidae 鼠海豚科鼠海豚科 1 sp1 sp

Family DelphinidaeFamily Delphinidae 海豚科海豚科 15 sp15 sp

Family MonodontidaeFamily Monodontidae 一角鯨科一角鯨科 0 sp0 sp

Superfamily Superfamily PlatanistoideaPlatanistoidea 淡水豚超科淡水豚超科 0 sp0 sp

Common species in eastern waters瑞氏 ( 花紋 ) 海豚 Risso’s dolphin

熱帶斑海豚Pantropical spotted dolphin

弗氏海豚 Fraser’s dolphin

飛旋海豚 Spinner dolphin

NTU Lien-Siang Chou LabNTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab

虎鯨

抹香鯨

大翅鯨 Humpback whale

Killer whale

Sperm whale

Famous whales in eastern waters

Updated cetacean species Updated cetacean species diversity in Taiwandiversity in Taiwan

Boat survey: confirmed 23 spBoat survey: confirmed 23 sp

Stranding record: confirmed 27 sp.Stranding record: confirmed 27 sp.

in total, in total, 31 species 31 species confirmed!confirmed!36% 36% of the world cetacean speciesof the world cetacean species

江豚（露脊鼠海豚） Finless porpoise

中華白海豚 Chinese white dolphin

The treasures in the Taiwan Strait ！

Wiki Alessio Marrucci

Recent focus Recent focus - The endangered populationChinese white dolphin : Chinese white dolphin : Sousa chinensisSousa chinensis

Threats to Chinese white Threats to Chinese white dolphins in Taiwandolphins in Taiwan

• Habitat loss & degradationHabitat loss & degradation• Chemical pollutionChemical pollution• Fishery impactFishery impact• Noise/transportation Noise/transportation

impactimpact

Life historyLife history

6 dev. stages6 dev. stages

Sexual mature at Sexual mature at

9-10 yr old9-10 yr old

Calving interval: Calving interval:

3-4yr3-4yr

Life span, 30-40 yrLife span, 30-40 yr

<8 mon

<18 mon

NTU Lien-Siang Chou

Status of Sousa Status of Sousa population in Taiwanpopulation in Taiwan

IUCN Red List

IUCN red list: Critically Endangered 2008.8.29

Not Evaluated (NE)

(Evaluated)

Data Deficient (DD)

(Adequate data)

Extinct (EX)

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Critically Endangered (CR)

Endangered (EN)

Vulnerable (VU)

Near Threatened (NT)

Least Concern (LC)

WW: Near Threatened (NT)TW: Critically Endangered (CR)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Home range:Home range:– North: MiaoliNorth: Miaoli– South: TainanSouth: Tainan

Water depth:Water depth: – Ave: 7.6 m (~32m)Ave: 7.6 m (~32m)– 95% < 15 m95% < 15 m

Distance from land:Distance from land:– ave1.4 km ave1.4 km (~ 6 Km)(~ 6 Km) – 95% < 395% < 3 kmkm

** Two hot area ** Two hot area NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab

Population size of Population size of SousaSousa in Taiwan in TaiwanPhoto IdentificationPhoto Identification 82-88Ind 82-88IndCalf & Juvenile = about 10%Calf & Juvenile = about 10% Estimate 90-97 individualsEstimate 90-97 individuals

Side L R 2

No. adults

6 9 73

Range ： 82 – 88 Individuals

Quasimodo

Marine protected areaMarine protected area7 MPA in China7 MPA in China

Taiwan75,000 ha

Xiamen33,088 ha

Hong Kong1,200 ha

PRE 46,000 ha

The change of Cetacean status The change of Cetacean status in Taiwanin Taiwan

A turning point-- Spring 1990A turning point-- Spring 1990

Whaling industry off coastal Taiwan during1913-1967, but offshore factory Whaling stopped in 1982.

The above three photos are licensed by Mr. Cheng-yu Yu , Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.

A Critical eventA Critical event

Spring 1990, Penghu Islands ( Pescadores Spring 1990, Penghu Islands ( Pescadores Is.)Is.)

““Earth Trust” NGO from USA filmed dolphin Earth Trust” NGO from USA filmed dolphin slaughtering, and released film in Hawaii.slaughtering, and released film in Hawaii.

International conservation pressure on Taiwan government

http://www.earthtrust.org/penghu.html

Turning PointTurning Point

August 1990August 1990: cetaceans were added to : cetaceans were added to

the Protected Species List under the the Protected Species List under the

Wildlife Conservation ActWildlife Conservation Act

(passed in 1989). (passed in 1989).

Development of Development of Stranding Response ProgramStranding Response Program

1.1. Early stage: 1990~1993Early stage: 1990~1993• Ocean World, Taipei, Richard ChenOcean World, Taipei, Richard Chen

2.2. Stage:1994~1999Stage:1994~1999• NTU university, Chou’s teamNTU university, Chou’s team

3.3. Stage:1999~2007Stage:1999~2007• Taiwan Cetacean Society, coordinatingTaiwan Cetacean Society, coordinating

4. Stage: 2008~ 4. Stage: 2008~

County governments play more active roles.County governments play more active roles.

Development of stranding Development of stranding responding programresponding program

Stage II:Stage II:

Many scholars and volunteers in diverse Many scholars and volunteers in diverse fields of study started joining fields of study started joining collaboration or conservation action. collaboration or conservation action.

TCSN TCSN ((Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network ) ) was was formed in 1996. formed in 1996.

TCS TCS ((Taiwan Cetacean Society Taiwan Cetacean Society ) ) was founded was founded in 1998.in 1998.

Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network (TCSN) founded in Nov 1996. (TCSN) founded in Nov 1996.

SupervisionSupervisionCouncil of AgricultureCouncil of Agriculture

Local governmentsLocal governments

CoordinationCoordinationTaiwan Cetacean Taiwan Cetacean

SocietySociety

ExecutionExecution Event Event

responseresponse

AssistanceAssistance::Police, Coast GuardPolice, Coast Guard

DivisionsDivisions of Rescue, of Rescue, ReleaseRelease, , Research,Research,

Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation, Medical treatment, includingMedical treatment, including off off shore islandsshore islands

Source: TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau

Development of stranding response Development of stranding response programprogram

Stage III:Stage III:Stranding project & coordination shifted Stranding project & coordination shifted to TCS (Taiwan cetacean society)to TCS (Taiwan cetacean society)

public education programs public education programs (many (many symposia, workshops)symposia, workshops) were held with were held with frequent media reportsfrequent media reports

the awareness of cetacean conservation the awareness of cetacean conservation in Taiwan has rapidly improved.in Taiwan has rapidly improved.

Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Central competent authority :

Council of Agriculture,

Executive Yuan

Local competent authority:

county or city government

Cetacean Stranding database

Rehabilitation Hospital•National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium•Taijiang rescure center(NCKU)• Institute of Animal and Plant Health.•Penghu Aquariu•Yehliu Ocean World

Rescue Team• Coast Guard Administration •Institute of Animal and Plant Health.

•Taiwan Cetacean Society•International Headquarters S.A.R ,Taiwan•Local Fire Department•Other NGOs

Research Team• National Taiwan U•National Cheng Kung U

•National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium•National Sun Yat-sen U•National Pingtung University of Science and Technology

Reporting

TCSNTCSN Cetacean stranding data bankCetacean stranding data bankhttp://tcsn.whale.org.tw/index.phphttp://tcsn.whale.org.tw/index.php

•1994至 2010年•共有 627 個擱淺事件 •至少包括 27種鯨豚•每年約 40 件

TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau

Typical stranding patternTypical stranding pattern

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Events Animals

NTU Lien-Shiang Chou Lab

Annual variation of cetacean stranding eventsAnnual variation of cetacean stranding events (n=473 reports) (n=473 reports)

TCSN founded

Rate= 10.4 rpt/yr

Rate= 44.4 rpt/yr

Total annual stranding rate=30/yr

19/7-13/8, 200519/7-13/8, 2005

23 strandings 23 strandings

Is it atypicalIs it atypical ？？

– Comparison in stranding frequencyComparison in stranding frequency

– Comparison in species compositionComparison in species compositionAbout 90% are deep diving species !About 90% are deep diving species !

– Postmortem examinationPostmortem examinationSome of them with obvious bubble-lesion of Some of them with obvious bubble-lesion of internal organs.internal organs.

conclusion: Atypical stranding!conclusion: Atypical stranding! keeping long term work is crucial!keeping long term work is crucial!

Live stranding & Live stranding & RehabilitationRehabilitation

The percentage of live (n=208) and dead The percentage of live (n=208) and dead (n=265) stranding events in Taiwan, 1990~2005.(n=265) stranding events in Taiwan, 1990~2005.

NTU Lien-Shiang Chou Lab

The first released dolphinThe first released dolphinA male Risso’s dolphin, A male Risso’s dolphin,

A male Risso’s dolphin stranded in June A male Risso’s dolphin stranded in June 2000, and rehabilitated for 64 days.2000, and rehabilitated for 64 days. (No. 16) (No. 16)

In September 2000, Taiwan Cetacean In September 2000, Taiwan Cetacean Society released this animal.Society released this animal.

The first released dolphinThe first released dolphinA male Risso’s dolphin, A male Risso’s dolphin, Jun-Sep 2000Jun-Sep 2000

(No. 16)

NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab

Whale watching development Whale watching development in Taiwanin Taiwan

First whale-watching boat, Sea-Whale, started her cruises in the summer of 1997

The growth of whale watching in The growth of whale watching in TaiwanTaiwan

19971997 ，， one boats at Shihti,Hualienone boats at Shihti,Hualien19981998 ，， >4 boats>4 boats19991999 ，， >12 boats>12 boats20002000 ，， >25 boats>25 boats20012001 ，， >33 boats>33 boats2003 , >32 boats2003 , >32 boats2006, ~ 26 boats2006, ~ 26 boats

The numbers of whale-watching boats, the harbors and oceanic area

for whale-watching tourism in Taiwan (2003).

： Range for cruising routes

： Major oceanic area for whale watching

Hua-lien port： 7

Ao-di port： 2

Wu-shi port：10

Su-ao port： 5

Cheng-gong port：2

Shi-ti port： 4

Jia-lan port： 2

The growth of whale watching in The growth of whale watching in TaiwanTaiwan

19971997 ，， one boats one boats At Shihti, HualienAt Shihti, Hualien

19981998 ，， >4 boats>4 boats19991999 ，， >12 boats>12 boats20002000 ，， >25 boats>25 boats20012001 ，， >33 boats>33 boats……Now, ~26 boatsNow, ~26 boats

One of the fastest growing enterprise in the world (IFAW) 2001

19961996 19981998 20020000

20020022

20020044

20020066

100100

150150

200200

250250

300300

350350

Boat ticket priceBoat ticket price

1997: 1500 NT1997: 1500 NT

2000: ca 1000 NT2000: ca 1000 NT

2003: ca 800 NT2003: ca 800 NT

Present: ca 600 NTPresent: ca 600 NT

The average expenditure of whale-watching cruises and of whole trips.(2003)

Expense of Expense of cruise ticket cruise ticket

Total cost for a Total cost for a trip trip

Wu-shi portWu-shi port 805805 39913991

Hua-lien portHua-lien port 870870 60476047

Shi-ti portShi-ti port 775775 39063906

Cheng-gong portCheng-gong port 774774 53045304

Jia-lan portJia-lan port 834834 85118511

Mean (US$)Mean (US$) 808 (24)808 (24) 4752 (142)4752 (142)

1500NT(1997) 1200 1000800600 NT

賞鯨遊程總花費賞鯨遊程總花費 (1997 to (1997 to 2003)2003)

2003年賞鯨遊客人數近 24萬人，引進相關收益高達 11億台幣。

19971997 19981998 19919999

20020000

20020011

20020022

20020033

20020044

20020055

20020066

20020077

Potential problem is growing!Potential problem is growing!

Potential harassment to cetaceansPotential harassment to cetaceans

Severe business competitionSevere business competition

low price, low qualitylow price, low quality

W W regulations in TaiwanW W regulations in Taiwan

No Law to follow, could only be listed as No Law to follow, could only be listed as guidelines, or notificationsguidelines, or notifications

Enforcement is limited, almost none.Enforcement is limited, almost none.

Facing great Challenging now!Facing great Challenging now!

Ticket price drop, economic recessionTicket price drop, economic recession

WW tour quality dropWW tour quality drop

Sustainable of cetacean populations?Sustainable of cetacean populations?

Current strategiesCurrent strategies-- -- for help in for help in

the management and control of industry marketthe management and control of industry market

Eco-labelingEco-labeling

* * However, these However, these actions have also actions have also invited some invited some complains from the complains from the operatorsoperators

TEIA 黃苙詒

Whale-watching AwardWhale-watching Award

2003, Among 33 boats, 8 boat owners have 2003, Among 33 boats, 8 boat owners have applied. applied. (application fee=US$ 1300)(application fee=US$ 1300)

4 boats passed assessment process4 boats passed assessment process– 2 Awards given in May 20042 Awards given in May 2004– 2 Awards given in June 20052 Awards given in June 2005– Re-application motivation is lowRe-application motivation is low

Now, there are 8 boats with Awards.Now, there are 8 boats with Awards.

http://whalewatching.org.tw/tw/http://whalewatching.org.tw/tw/

NASA World Wind JAVA SDK; Edited by 王有禎

Source: Taiwan Cetacean Society Whale Watching website

Cheng-gong portCheng-gong port

Shi-ti portShi-ti port

Hua-lien portHua-lien port

Wu-shi portWu-shi port

Major Whale-watching regions of the worldMajor Whale-watching regions of the world

Wiki Crates Edited by 王有禎

Whale watching could play a pivotal Whale watching could play a pivotal role in transforming the relation role in transforming the relation

between the humans and the cetacean between the humans and the cetacean

from Consumptive Exploitation from Consumptive Exploitation to Co-existenceto Co-existence

This work is licensed by Mr. 游文志 for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.

E N D !E N D !

CopyrightsCopyrightsWork License Author/Source

NTU Lien-Siang Chou

Wiki Chris huhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetaceans.svg2011/9/27 visited

Flickr Patrick Keoghhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/patrick_keogh/3990016840/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited

Flickr TooFarNorthhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/toofarnorth/5590138967/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited

Work License Author/Source

Flickr tonilucahttp://www.flickr.com/photos/toniluca/2223507438/sizes/o/in/photostream/2011/9/27 visited

Flickr zorankovacevic http://www.flickr.com/photos/jantjesmit/287116990/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/27 visited

CopyrightsCopyrights

Flickr Stacy Lynn Baumhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/stacylynn/3188843064/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited

Wiki Emoscopeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toothed_whale_sound_production.png2011/9/28 visited

Pulse type sound NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab

Whisle, unpulse type sound NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 s

NTU Lien-Siang Chou. Data from Peter G. H. Evans. 1987. The Natural History of Whales & Dolphins. Facts On File Publications.

NTU Lien-Siang Chou. Data from Mark Carwardine. 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2nd edn. Checkmark Books.

Flickr Gunrouhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/gnurou/3962386904/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/10/20 visited

Flickr Scott the Hobohttp://www.flickr.com/photos/dapperscoo/166798613/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited

Flickr Bill Stronghttp://www.flickr.com/photos/bstrong/150196541/sizes/o/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited

This work is licensed by Forestry Bureau,Council of Agriculture Execultive Yuan, Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.

101520

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

鯨豚種名編號

雌性

ㄧ生

子代

數目

Wiki Alessio Marruccihttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FinlessPorpoise5.jpg2012/04/12

This work is from IUCN Red List of Threatened Specieshttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/static/categories_criteria_3_1and used subject to the fair use doctrine of:

Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65The "Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for OpenCourseWare 2009 (

http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/sites/default/files/10-305-OCW-Oct29.pdf)" by A Committee of Practitioners of OpenCourseWare in the U.S. The contents are based on Section 107 of the 1976 U.S. Copyright Act

This work is licensed by Mr. Cheng-yu Yu for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.

Work License Author/SourceThis work is from TCSN which is established by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET

This work is from TCSN which is established by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Events Animals

TEIA 黃苙詒 http://e-info.org.tw/node/241862011/11/18 visited

Work License Author/Source This work is from Taiwan Cetacean Society Whale Watching website and

used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 52 & 65 by GET

NASA World Wind JAVA SDK; Edited by 王有禎http://goworldwind.org/demos/2011/10/3 visited

Wiki Crates; Edited by 王有禎http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_blank_without_borders.svg2011/10/20 visited

This work is licensed by Mr. 游文志 for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.

biodiversity & conservation of cetaceans in taiwan lien-siang chou professor, institute of...

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