biodiversity: definition, levels and threats
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LECTURE ON
BIODIVERSITYDEFINITION!LEVELS!IMPORTANCE!THREATS & !STATUS
www.picswallpaper.com
LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?A B
LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?A B
NOW LET’S CHECK OUT THE OUTSIDE WORLD
Which one looks better?
BIODIVERSITY
errolgatumbato.wordpress.comwww.thelandofpromise.com
www.vintagephilippines.com
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
❖ Variety and Diversity of life forms (number of kinds) in an area!
!
❖ Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere
australianmuseum.net.au
BIODIVERSITY on EXTINCTION ISSUES
❖Biodiversity is the FOCUS of conservation!!
❖Extinction !❖a process that happens when an entire species permanently disappears from the biosphere due to the death of the species’ last member
www.phibetaiota.net
HIGH BIODIVERSITY = HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM
❖Measurement of how healthy ecosystems are!!
❖HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM support HIGH biological diversity!!
❖STRESSED ECOSYSTEM may not have the CAPACITY to support high biological diversity
www.motherearthnews.com
BIODIVERSITY LEVELS❖ ECOLOGICAL/ECOSYSTEM!
❖ different habitats, niches, species interactions!
❖ SPECIES!
❖ different kinds of organisms, relationships among species!!
❖ GENETIC!
❖ different genes & combinations of genes within populations
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY❖ collection of all the plants and animals within a
particular area, each differing in species composition, physical structure and function!
!
❖ the variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere!❖ made up of interacting populations and the abiotic
factors that support them!❖ example: BIOMES
www.sciencerecorder.com
SPECIES DIVERSITY❖ measure of the number of species which
occur within a particular taxonomic level in a given geographic area!
!
❖ the number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community
blogs.thehindu.com
SPECIES DIVERSITY in ANGIOSPERMS
www.blog.gurukpo.com
GENETIC DIVERSITY❖ The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that
are present in a population comprises its genetic diversity!
❖ Degree of variation in all the genes for all individuals within a species!
❖ As basis for evolution: Genetic diversity within an interbreeding population increases the chances of survival during changing environmental conditions or during the outbreak of disease!
❖ Example: BANANAS and RICE varietieswww.ethicurean.com
GENETIC DIVERSITY in BANANAS
errebeekeeper.wordpress.com
GENETIC DIVERSITY in RICE
GENETIC DIVERSITY in CORN
slola.blogspot.com
OTHER DIVERSITY IN GENES
biojoan.comwww.gardenculture.net
www.ecosystemservicesseq.com.au
WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?There are direct and
indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?There are direct and
indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinction
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinctionwww.globalchange.umich.edu
EXTINCTION
Introduced Speciesavrotor.blogspot.com www.petproductnews.com
GOLDEN SNAIL JANITOR FISH
EXTINCTION
Habitat Loss
EXTINCTION
Habitat Fragmentation
EXTINCTION
Over Exploitation
Too much harvest for food, medicine and other human sustenance
science.howstuffworks.com
EXTINCTION
Invasive Species
davesgarden.comwww.davidsanger.com
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Climate Change
www.newsecuritybeat.org
www.mediaglobal.org
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Pollutionclimatechange.thinkaboutit.eu
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Mining and BioaccumulationLARRY PRICE - www.flickr.com
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Overpopulation
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ RAREST WILDLIFE: has more than 52,177 described species, half of which are endemic!
❖ more than 1,130 terrestrial wildlife species recorded for the Philippines (49 percent or half are endemic); 157 are threatened (128 are threatened endemic)
life-sea.blogspot.com
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ FLORAL DIVERSITY: between 10,000 and 14,000 species of vascular and non-vascular plants, more than half of which are endemic
landofpromise.fairfood.org wildlifeconservation.ph hortlog.blogspot.com
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE DIVERSITY: estimated total of 359 species of amphibians (101 species, 246 are endemic, highest % endemism for all vertebrates) and reptiles (258 species)
gdeichmann.photoshelter.comPhoto by: Arvin Diesmos.
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ BIRD DIVERSITY: 576 species of birds (195 are endemic), 45 species are either extinct in the wild, critical, or endangered
newsinfo.inquirer.net
PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: 174 mammalian species (111 are endemic)
www.explorer-philippines.com
animals.pawnation.com
NEW DISCOVERIES
❖ Several new species have been discovered in small islands such as Sibuyan (five new species) and Camiguin (two new species), catapulting these islands to a new status as centers of mammal endemism!
!
❖ Sibuyan Island (463 km2), which hosts four species of endemic non-flying mammals (plus one bat), a total exceeding that of any country in Europe
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