biology 1031 lab final

Kingdom AnimaliaLabs 8 – 15

review

Exercise 8 - Porifera & Radiata

Phylum Porifera – sponges

No symmetry, no true tissues

Cellular level organization

spongocoel, osculum, holdfast - Fig. 8-1

Spicules and spongin – Fig. 8-2 – supporting framework for sponge and maintain integrity of canal systems

Figs. 8-1 & 8-2

Exercise 8 - Porifera & Radiata

Phylum Porifera – sponges

Know also simple, intermediate, complex body types – Fig. 8-3

Choanocytes – movement of water thru sessile body is produced by choanocytes also called flagellated collar cells (pg. 8.4)

Sexual and asexual reproduction

Fig. 8-3

Phylum Porifera Don’t forget glass sponge!

Skeleton of silica spicules

RadiataPhylum Cnidaria

True tissues

Radial symmetry

Stinging cells – cnidocytes

Tentacles around mouth

Gastovascular cavity – incomplete digestive system one opening in and out!

After larval stage (planula) there may be polyp, medusa stage or both!

Fig. 8-4 Hydra with bud

Cnidocytes vs. nematocyst

A. Outer epidermis,B. mid - noncellular mesoglea C. Inner gastrodermis

Phylum CnidariaThree classes

Hydrozoa – solitary or colonial with polyps & medusae in life cylce – Hydra, Portuguese man of war, ‘water animals’

Syphozoa – solitary large medusae, polyps absent or reduced, jellyfish, ‘upside down cup’

Anthozoa – solitary or colonial polyps, no medusae, the ‘flower animals’, sea anemone & coral (carbonate exoskeletons)

Fig. 8-6 Life cycle of Obelia

Fig. 8-7 Medusa

Exercise 9 - BilateriaBilateria – because these animals have bilateral

symmetry

Forming a true head – cephalization – associated with these animals

www.biologycorner.com

BilateriaDifferent body cavities!

Acoelomate – no body cavity

Psuedocoelomate – has a body cavity with mesoderm on one side and endoderm on the other

Coelomate (or eucoelomate) – a “true” body cavity, surrounded by mesoderm on both sides

docstoc.com

CoelomatesCoelom surrounded by mesodermal tissue

More complex organs can be formed

BilateraNon-molting protostomes

Phylum Platyhelminthes – flatworms

Phylum Annelida – segmented worms

Phylum Mollusca - mollusks

Phylum PlatyhelminthesBilateral

Acoelomate

Dorsoventrally flattened, but not segmented!

Incomplete digestive tract

Hermaphroditic

Organ-level organization

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Trematoda – fluke, small leaflike body, suckers present, all parasitic

Class Cestoda – tapeworm, long tape like body, has anterior scolex and many proglottids, all parasitic

Class Turbellaria – flat worms, soft flattened body, ciliated epidermis

Fig. 9-2 Class Cestodatapeworm

Fig. 9-4Class Turbellaria

Planarian

acoelomateas are allflatworms

Phylum AnnelidaSegmented, often separated by septa

Use coelom for hydrostatic skeleton

Closed circulatory system

Have excretory tubules – metanephridia

Have chitinous bristles – setae – used for sensing and for staying in ground when bird (or fisherman) tries to pull the out!

Phylum AnnelidaClass Polychaeta – many setae, parapodia on

each segment for locomotion, well-developed head, example clamworm

Class Oligochaeta – few setae, head is poorly developed, earthworm

Class Hirudinea – suckers present, no setae or parapodia, leeches

PhylumAnnelida

Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta -earthwormFig. 9-6

Phylum Mollusca

Molting ProtostomesMembers of this group molt – called ecdysis,

they do this in order to grow

2 Phlyum

Phlyum Nematoda – ‘thread like’

Phylum Arthropoda – ‘jointed foot’

Phylum Nematoda - roundworms

Molt – ecdysis

Pseudocoelomate

But do have complete digestive system

First example of sexual dimorphism

Dioecious – male smaller has hooked end, female larger

Have longitudinal muscles for movement

Many free living, but some parasites

Phylum Nematoda vinegar eel - Ascaris

Phylum Arthropoda

• “joint-foot” – jointed appendages

• segmented – often with some fusing and distinctive regions (details later); very distinct cephalization

• complete digestive system; coelomate

• exoskeleton containing chitin; used for protection, and for muscle attachments

• molting (ecdysis) – shedding of exoskeleton for growth; new exoskeleton later hardens

Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods

• diverse group & successful group

• over 1 million named species, most species of any phylum (in fact, 2/3 of ALL named species)

• Estimates as high as 30 million living species yet unnamed

• Most species (well over half) are insects

Phylum Arthropoda

• focus on both subphyla and classes for tests

• 4 subphyla, 6 selected classes to cover

• Subphylum Cheliceriformes

• Subphylum Myriapoda

• Subphylum Crustacea

• Subphylum Hexapoda

Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods

• body plan: cephalothorax and abdomen• on cephalothorax, starting at anterior end:

• paired chelicerae• paired pedipalps• 4 pairs of legs

• selected classes:• Merostomata – horseshoe crab• Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites,

ticks, etc.

Subphylum Cheliceriformes

• Body plan: head & multisegmented trunk

• on head:

• one pair of antennae

• paired mandibles

• Legs on trunk (either one or two per segment, depending on class)

• appendages are uniramous (unbranched)

• most have tracheal respiratory system

Subphylum Myriapoda

• two classes you need to know:

• Diplopoda (millipedes)

• Chilopoda (centipedes)

Subphylum Myriapoda

• Diplopoda (millipedes)

• two pairs of legs per trunk segment

• Chilopoda (centipedes)

• one pair of legs per trunk segment

• venom claws on trunk segment nearest the head

Subphylum Myriapoda

• One class (also called Crustacea)

• barnacles, crayfish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc.

• on cephalothorax, starting at anterior end:

• two pairs of antennae (unique feature)

• paired mandibles (jaws)

• Most have 5 pairs of chelate appendages (pincher-like) – first pair usually used as pinchers, rest as legs

• abdomen often has appendages called swimmerets

Subphylum Crustacea

• appendages are biramous (two-branched; another unique feature)

Subphylum Crustacea

• Hexapoda – “six feet”

• One class to worry about: Insecta

• Body plan: head, thorax, and abdomen

• On head: one pair of antennae

• On head: paired mandibles

• On thorax: three pairs of legs

• On thorax: often two pairs of wings

• appendages are uniramous (unbranched)

• most have tracheal respiratory system

Subphylum Hexapoda

Find telson,

pedipalp, and

chelicerae

(#’s 5, 14, 15)

Know also that

Cephalothorax

is a fused head &

thorax

Don’t forget the

grasshopper has

A typanum (eardrum)

Look over other parts

DeuterostomesMouth forms from 2nd opening

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Chordata

Phylum EnchinodermataCoelomate, & unsegmented

Pentamerous radial symmetry!

Water vascular system

Dermal endoskeleton with spines

• Asteroidea (sea stars or starfish) – remember madreporite on aboral or opposite mouth side of starfish

• Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

• Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)

• Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Echinodermata

• group unified by four traits present at some point in the life cycle for all members

• dorsal tubular (hollow) nerve cord

• notochord

• pharyngeal gill slits

• postanal tail

Phylum Chordata

• three subphyla

• Urochordata – tunicate or sea squirt

• Cephalochordata – lancelet or amphioxus

• Vertebrata – have a backbone; fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (classes listed later)

Phylum Chordata

• Subphylum Urochordata – tunicate or sea squirt

• sessile adult; cellulose tunic, holdfast, siphons, pharynx

Phylum Chordata

Subphylym Cephalochordata – lancelet or Amphioxus

note oral hood, fins, myotomes, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharynx, pharyngeal gill slits, postanal tail

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Vertebrata – 7 selected classes

• Agnatha – jawless fish

• Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish (sharks, skates, and rays)

• Osteichthyes – bony fish with paired fins

• Amphibia – two pairs of legs; smooth skin (frogs, salamanders, etc.)

• Reptilia – two pairs of legs; scaly skin (lizards, snakes, alligators, etc.)

• Aves – feathers; paired wings and legs (birds)

• Mammalia – hair, mammary glands, two paired appendages

Class Agnatha – brook lamprey

• jawless

• single median dorsal &vcaudal fins (no paired lateral fins)

• 7 pairs of external gill slits

Class Chondrichthyes – shark

• scales (makes sandpapery skin),

• various fins (note especially those in pairs)

• claspers on pelvic fins of mature males

• cloacal opening

Subphylum Vertebrata

Class Osteichthyes – yellow perch

• scales

• operculum over gills

• fins (note pairs)

• lateral lines (from operculum to caudal fin)

Subphylum Vertebrata

Class Amphibia – leopard frog and salamander

• smooth skin (no scales)

• 4 legs

• tympanum on frog (eardrum)

• eyelids

Subphylum Vertebrata

Mammalia - Bones

Mammalia – Bone SlideSee the ‘targets’? That is a haversian system

Mammalia - cartilageCartilage slide – looks like spongy tissue,

chondrocytes make cartilage, sit in a space called lacunae

Biology.clc.uc.edu

Mammalia - musclesmuscles know models, see also Figs. 13-4,5,&6

be able to identify muscle tissue by slides also

Cardiac, one nucleus per cell, striations, thicker black lines are intercalated discs

iws.collin.edu

Mammalia - musclesmuscles know models

skeletal, multiple nuclei per cell, striations

harford.edu

Mammalia - musclesmuscles know models

smooth, one nucleus per cell, no striations

iws.collin.edu

Mammalia - musclesmuscles of the body, see exit activity for those

you should focus on

Mammalia - skinSkin slide – sweat gland circles like donuts,

sebaceous glands circles with dots, know skin layer

PancreasPancreas

Practice:

Blood flows to heart from superior and inferior vena cavas into right atrium thru tricuspid into right ventricle then pulmonary artery to lungs returns pulmonary vein to left atrium thru bicuspid into left ventricle then aorta, aortic arch and body

Chordae tendinae keep the valves from opening backwards – prevents backsplash

Right side, outer muscle is thinner

• learn the path of filtrate (follow along on Fig. 15-1)

• out at the glomerulus (1)

• into the surrounding tissues of Bowman’s capsule (2); material now called filtrate

• through the proximal convoluted tubule (3), loop of Henle (4 - going into the medulla), and distal convoluted tubule (5); water is pulled out, leaving concentrated urine

• urine leaves through the collecting duct (6)

Kidney Model

female rat male rat

Reproductive system

Excretory system

Testes and ovary slides

• Use rat pictures on canvas to study rat parts

• Use exit activities, go thru and identify what they tell you to

• Answer the questions given in exit activity,

• Remember this powerpoint won’t cover every thing that could possibly be on the exam, use your best judgement, & additional study materials, if you think you should know it you probably should

Good luck and have a good rest of the summer!