biology chapter 1: 10th edition a view of life · 10 living things: respond to stimuli living...

Sylv

ia S

. Ma

der

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BIOLOGY 10th Edition

1

A View of Life

Chapter 1: pp. 1 - 24

2

Outline

Defining Life - Emergent Properties

Materials and Energy

Reproduction and Development

Adaptations and Natural Selection

Classification

Organization and Diversity

Natural Selection

3

Outline

Biosphere Organization

Human Population

Biodiversity

The Scientific Method

Observation

Hypothesis

Data

Conclusion

Scientific Theory

4

Defining Life

Living things:

Comprised of the same chemical elements e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Obey the same physical and chemical laws

Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or Multi-cellular). The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of

all living things e.g. plants, animals, and fungus Cells are produced from preexisting cells Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital

physiological functions

5

Defining Life

Living organisms can be Microscopic:

Bacteria

Paramecium

Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular):

Snow goose

Humans Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(Bacteria): © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): © M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): © Royalty-Free Corbis;

(Sunflower): © Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): © Charles Bush Photography

Bacteria Paramecium Morel Sunflower Snow goose

6

Defining Life

Each level of organization has Emergent Properties

Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and Biosphere)

Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it

Emergent properties:

Interactions between the parts making up the whole

All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

7

Levels of Biological Organization

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Organ

Composed of tissues functioning

together for a specific task

Tissue

A group of cells with a common

structure and function

Cell

The structural and functional

unit of all living things

Molecule

Union of two or more atoms of

the same or different elements

Atom

Smallest unit of an element composed of

electrons, protons, and neutrons

Biosphere

Regions of the Earth’s crust,

waters, and atmosphere

inhabited by living things

Ecosystem

A community plus

the physical environment

Community

Interacting populations in a

particular area

Population

Organisms of the same

species in a particular area

Organism

An individual; complex

individuals contain organ systems

Organ System

Composed of several organs

working together

8

Living Things: Acquire & Process Food

Energy – required to maintaining organization and conducting life-sustaining processes

The sun:

Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth

Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to carry on photosynthesis

Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic Molecules)

Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in an organism.

Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries

9

Acquiring Nutrients

b.

a.

c. f.

e.

d.

food

a: © Niebrugge Images; b: © Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: © Charles Bush Photography;

d: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10

Living Things: Respond to Stimuli

Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment

Response ensures survival of the organism and it often results movement

Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner

Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south

Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals

Even leaves of plants follow sun

Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

11

Living Things: Reproduce and Develop

Organisms live and die

All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued existence and maintain population

In most multicellular organisms reproduction:

Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)

Followed by cell division and differentiation

Developmental instructions encoded in genes

Composed of DNA

Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

12

Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring

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© Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

13

Living Things: Adapt to Change

Adaptation

Any modification that makes an organism more suited to its way of life

Organisms become modified over long period time

Respond to environmental changes by developing new adaptations

However, organisms very similar at basic level

Suggests living things descended from same ancestor

Descent with modification - Evolution

Caused by natural selection

14

Evolution, the Unifying Concept

of Biology

Despite diversity, organisms share the same basic characteristics

Composed of cells organized in a similar manner

Their genes are composed of DNA

Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire energy

This suggests that they are descended from a common ancestor

15

Classification

Taxonomy:

Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms

according to certain rules

Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized

evolutionary relationships

Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and

domain

A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level

below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it

(e.g. kingdom)

16

Levels of Classification

17

Domains

Bacteria

Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes

Archaea

Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes

Extreme aquatic environments

Eukarya

Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms

18

Domains

19

Evolutionary Tree of Life

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BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

EUKARYA

Protists

common

ancestor

(first cells)

cell with nucleus

Past

Time

Present

Photosynthetic

protist

Heterotrophic

Protist

Plants

Fungi

Animals common ancestor

20

Domains: The Archaea

Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon 1.6 m

• Prokaryotic cells

of various shapes

• Adaptations to

extreme environments

• Absorb or

chemosynthesize food

• Unique chemical

characteristics

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

21

Domains: The Bacteria

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• Prokaryotic cells

of various shapes

• Adaptations to

all environments

• Absorb, photosynthesize,

or chemosynthesize food

• Unique chemical

characteristics

Escherichia coli, a bacterium 1.5 m

© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

22

Kingdoms

Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out

Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out

Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

23

Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms

KINGDOM: Fungi

Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom

Protists

Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan

• Molds, mushrooms, yeasts,

and ringworms

• Mostly multicellular filaments with

specialized, complex cells

• Absorb food1

• Algae, protozoans,

slime molds, and

water molds

• Complex single cell

(sometimes filaments,

colonies, or even

multicellular)

• Absorb, photosynthesize,

or ingest food 1 m

KINGDOM: Plants

r

V ulpes, a red fox

KINGDOM: Animals

• Certain algae, mosses, ferns,

conifers, and flowering plants

• Multicellular, usually with

specialized tissues,

containing complex cells

• Photosynthesize food

• Sponges, worms, insects,

fishes, frogs, turtles,

birds, and mammals

• Multicellular with

specialized tissues

containing complex cells

• Ingest food

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(Protist): © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): © Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): © Rob Planck/Tom

Stack; (Animal): © Royalty-Free/Corbis

24

Scientific Names

Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo Sapience

Universal

Latin-based

First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo

Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. Sapience

Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)

Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E. Coli

25

Natural Selection

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Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.

Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with

hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.

Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy

leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.

26

Organization of the Biosphere

Population - Members of a species within an area

Community - A local collection of interacting populations

Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment

How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms

How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top predators

27

Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland

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WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,

AND DECOMPOSITION

heat

heat

heat

heat

heat

solar

energy

Chemical cycling

Energy flow

heat

28

Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef

1975 Minimal coral death

b.

a. Healthy coral reef

1985 Some coral death with

no fish present

1995 Coral bleaching with limited

chance of recovery

2004 Coral is black from sedimentation;

bleaching still evident

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a: © Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): © Dr. Phillip Dustan

29

Human Populations

Humans modify ecosystems

Humans negative impact on ecosystems:

Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing, industry, etc.

Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.

However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for

Food

Medicines

Raw materials

Other ecosystem processes

30

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water

where organisms exist

Abundance of species estimated about 15 million.

The variability of their genes, and

The ecosystems in which they live

Extinction is:

The death of the last member of a species

Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

31

The Scientific Method

Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research.

Begins with observation

Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to observe animal behavior

Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use microscope to see microorganisms

Take advantage of prior studies

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for what was observed

Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general

32

The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram

Observation

New observations

are made, and previous

data are studied.

Hypothesis

Input from various

sources is used to formulate

a testable statement.

Conclusion

The results are analyzed,

and the hypothesis is

supported or rejected.

Scientific Theory

Many experiments and

observations support a

theory.

Experiment/Observations

The hypothesis is

tested by experiment

or further observations.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

33

The Scientific Method: Experimentation

Experimentation

Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis

Designed through deductively reasoning from general to specific

Often divides subjects into a control group and an experimental group

Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is valid

If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged

If not, hypothesis is unsupportable

34

The Scientific Method

The results are analyzed and interpreted

Conclusions are what the scientist thinks

caused the results

Findings must be reported in scientific journals

Peers review the findings and the conclusions

Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or

dismiss the published findings

35

The Scientific Method: Results

Results or Data

Observable, objective results from an experiment

Strength of the data expressed in probabilities

The probability that random variation could have caused the results

Low probability (less than 5%) is good

Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss random chance as the sole cause of the results

36

Scientific Theory

Scientific Theory:

Joins together two or more related hypotheses

Supported by broad range of observations,

experiments, and data

Scientific Principle / Law:

Widely accepted set of theories

No serious challenges to validity

37

Controlled Experiments

Experimental (Independent) variable

Applied one way to experimental group

Applied a different way to control group

Response (dependent) variable

Variable that is measured to generate data

Expected to yield different results in control versus experimental group

38

Controlled Experiments

Observations:

Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage

soils by altering its properties

When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds

natural nitrogen

Hypothesis:

Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much

as nitrates

Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils

39

Root Nodules

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© Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.

nodules

40

Controlled Experiments

Experimental Design

Control Group

Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer

Experimental Groups

1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate

2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate

3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a

crop of pigeon peas

All groups treated identically except for above

41

Crop Rotation Study

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= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

15

20

10

5

0 year 1 year 2 year 3

= no fertilization treatment

= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha

Control Pots

Test Pots

= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha

Wh

eat

Bio

mass (

gra

ms/p

ot)

b. Results

a. Control pots and test pots

of three types

Test pots

90 kg of nitrogen/ha

Test pots

Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

Control pots

no fertilization treatment

Test pots

45 kg of nitrogen/ha

(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack

42

Controlled Experiments

Experimental Prediction:

Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation will be equal or better than following nitrate fertilizer

Results

45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls

90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as controls

Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much as the controls

43

Controlled Experiments

Conclusion

Research hypothesis was not supported by results

However, research hypothesis was not proven false by

negative results

Revised experiment

Grow wheat in same pots for several generations

Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved

production in pigeon pea pots

44

Controlled Experiments

Results

After second year:

Production following nitrates declined

Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all

After third year

Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls

Revised conclusions

Research hypothesis supported

Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over

nitrates

45

A Field Study

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a. Scientist making observations

b. Normal mountain

bluebird nesting

behavior

c. Resident male

attacking a male

model near nest

resident

male

female

mate

male

bluebird

model

d. Observation of two experimental nests provided data

for graph.

1.5

2.0

1.0

0.5

0

Ap

pro

ach

es p

er

Min

ute

nest

construction first egg

laid hatching

of eggs

Stage of Nesting Cycle

Approaches to

male model

Approaches to

female mate

nest 2

nest 1

© Erica S. Leeds

46

Review

Defining Life - Emergent Properties

Materials and Energy

Reproduction and Development

Adaptations and Natural Selection

Biosphere Organization

Human Population

Biodiversity

Classification

The Scientific Method

Sylv

ia S

. Ma

der

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor

BIOLOGY 10th Edition

47

A View of Life