biology review units 1 6

BIOLOGY REVIEWUNITS 1-6

BIOMOLECULES

Building

Block

Uses Examples Test

Carbohydrate Simple sugarsReady source of

energy

Glucose

Glycogen

Cellulose

Starch

• STARCH turns

purple in iodine

• SUGARS react with

Benedict’s Solution

Protein Amino acids • Transport

• Speed up

reactions

• Immunity

• Cell

communication

Enzymes (-

ase)

Hemoglobin

Antibodies

Protein

hormones

(insulin)

• Reacts with Biuret

Solution

Lipid Fatty Acids • Back up energy

source

• In membrane

Fats, oils • Leaves oily spot on

brown paper bag

Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Store and transmit

genetic info

DNA, RNA • DNA stains

(methylene blue)

CELLS

PROKARYOTIC

• EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE DNA AND RIBOSOMES, BUT THEY HAVE NO INTERNAL MEMBRANES! (THEY DON'T HAVE A NUCLEUS)

THEY HAVE RIBOSOMES TO MAKE PROTEINS

THESE ARE THE SIMPLEST CELLS

EXAMPLES ARE BACTERIA, LIKE THOSE THAT CAUSE STREP THROAT.

• EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE THEIR DNA SURROUNDED BY A MEMBRANE. (THEY HAVE A NUCLEUS).

• TWO EXAMPLES SHOWN ARE PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS, BUT FUNGI AND PROTISTS ARE ALSO EUKARYOTIC

• NOTICE, PLANTS HAVE CHLOROPLASTS (FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS) AND CELL WALLS MADE OF CELLULOSE. ANIMAL CELLS DON'T HAVE THESE PARTS. ALSO, PLANT CELLS HAVE A LARGER VACUOLE FOR STORAGE.

• BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE MITOCHONDRIA TO MAKE ATP.

• ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE RIBOSOMES TO MAKE PROTEIN

• THESE CELLS ARE MORE COMPLEX THAN PROKARYOTIC CELLS.

CELL MEMBRANE

• THE PLASMA MEMBRANE SURROUNDS EVERY CELL.

• IT IS MADE OF LIPID AND PROTEIN

• IT CONTROLS WHAT GOES IN AND OUT OF A CELL.

• ASSOCIATED WITH HOMEOSTASIS

CELL TRANSPORT

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

CONVERTS SUNLIGHT TO

CHEMICAL ENERGY

• CELLULAR

RESPIRATION

• TAKES PLACE IN

MITOCHONDRION

• RELEASES THE ENERGY

STORED IN GLUCOSE

• AKA AEROBIC

RESPIRATION (NEEDS

OXYGEN)

CONVERTS ENERGY IN FOOD (GLUCOSE) TO ATP

AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION • ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

REQUIRES OXYGEN

MAKES A LOT OF ATP

PRODUCES CARBON

DIOXIDE AND

WATER

HAPPENS IN

MITOCHONDRION

•DOES NOT USE OXYGEN

•MAKES ONLY 2 ATP• SMALL AMOUNT OF ATP

• ALSO CALLED FERMENTATION• YEASTS MAKE ETHYL ALCOHOL• BACTERIA AND MUSCLE CELLS (W/O O2)

MAKE LACTIC ACID

• HAPPENS IN CYTOPLASM (CYTOSOL)

ATP CYCLE

CLICK THE ICON FOR

SOUND

ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS

FOOD CHAINS

ORIGINAL SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR MOST

CHAINS IS THE SUN

1ST TROPHIC LEVEL IS PRODUCER

2ND TROPHIC LEVEL IS PRIMARY

CONSUMER

2RD TROPHIC LEVEL IS SECONDARY

CONSUMER

DECOMPOSER NOT SHOWN ON CHAIN,

BUT THEY RECYCLE NUTRIENTS

Energy is “lost” as

you mover “up” the

food chain

SYMBIOSIS

PREDATION

• PREDATOR EATS PREY

• THE POPULATIONS CYCLE

• PREDATOR HAS LOWER CURVE• THERE CAN’T BE MORE PREDATORS

THAN PREY

POPULATION GROWTH

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH • LOGISTIC GROWTH

J-CURVE

OCCURS WHEN

UNLIMITED

RESOURCES ARE

AVAILABLE

S-CURVE

OCCURS BECAUSE

RESOURCES ARE

LIMITED

CARRYING

CAPACITY

REACHED

HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH

OVERPOPULATION OF

HUMANS LEADS TO

• DESTRUCTION OF

HABITATS (POLLUTION

AND/OR DESTROYING)

• LOSS OF

BIODIVERSITY

• INTRODUCED SPECIES

• OUTCOMPETE NATIVE

SPECIES