biomonitoring and bioassessment chapter 11. biomonitoring biomonitoring – use of a biological...
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Biomonitoring and Bioassessment
Chapter 11
Biomonitoring
Biomonitoring – use of a biological systems for the evaluation of the current status of an ecosystem Generally used to look at exposure and effects
Exposure – analytical measurement of a target compound within the tissue of a sampled organism (laboratory or natural environment)- DDT in adipose tissue, Hg in feathers or fur
Effects – using one or more levels of biological organization to evaluate the status of biological community (also called Bioassessment)
• Generally performed with little or no analytical determination of toxicants (biggest difference between exposure and effects)-
Biomonitoring
Can be used to verify fate models and estimates of biological hazard developed from laboratory or semi-field toxicity tests
Marine fish exposure chambers
Some uses of biomonitoring
Biomonitoring Tug of War
Specificity Reliability
Attributing an effect to a specific cause
Detecting all effects caused totoxicant exposure
Bioassessment
Evaluation of the status of biological community Assessment often done by survey Sampling design can be constructed to answer
questions of causation of effect
Bioassessment Case Study
Evaluation of Silviculture BMPs
Effectiveness of Silviculture Best Management Practices in
Protecting Stream Ecosystems in Arkansas
Sam McCord, Ph.D.And
Rich Grippo, Ph.D.
Environmental Sciences ProgramArkansas State University
Ecoregions and Study
Sites
1A
1C1B
2
3A3B
3C4B
4A
Study Design (BACI)
Before harvest vs. after harvestUpstream vs. downstreamMultiple seasonsTested with GLM Anova and PCA
ChironomidaeTrichoptera
PlecopteraEphemeroptera
Community characteristics examined
Total richness EPT richness % Dominant taxon % Diptera Hilsenhoff biotic index % Collectors % EPT % Ephemeroptera
% Plecoptera % Trichoptera % Chironomidae % Non-insects % Shredders % Scrapers % Filterers % Predators
Analysis of Variance model
Xijk = + i + k(i) + j + ()ij + ijk
where is the overall mean,
i is the effect of period (i = before or after silviculture activity),
k(i) represents sampling times within each period (k = winter or spring)
j is the effect of location (j = above or below silviculture site),
()ij is the interaction between period (before or after) and location (above or below),
and ijk represents the remaining error (variation) for each data point Xijk.
Were upstream vs. downstreamdifferences detected?
Yes No
Were differences related to sample design, orother non-silviculture circumstances?
YesNo
BMPseffective
BMPs noteffective
Summary
Seasonal variation was the primary source of variation in macroinvertebrate community characteristics
Annual variation was also important, primarily at the intermittent study streams, but did not appear related to silviculture activities
Upstream/downstream variation was less common, and appeared to be most associated with habitat differences between stations
Significant variation related to the interaction of study year and location was rare (6 of 112 possible results)
Conclusion
Best management practices applied in these harvestoperations were effective in protecting the ecologicalquality of adjacent streams
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