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Biosafety of transgenic plants, related to organic farming, Klaus Ammann, Buenos Aires, 20071113
Prof. Klaus AmmannWhy organic farmers should not fundamentally refuse transgenic crops24. April 2009
Sustainable World
AgricultureFoster renewable natural resources, knowledge based agriculture: Eco-Precision-Biotech Ag,Balance local productionwith global trade
Socio-EconomicsEquity: reconcile traditional knowledge with science, foster biomimetics, reduce agricultural subsidies,global dialogue including new creative capitalism
TechnologiesInnovation supportedby artificial intelligence,influence evolution,new technologies to process and use of housing, food, energy
Sustainable World
about the novelty of genetic engineering
Comparison of organic and non-organic agriculture
Werner Arber, Nobel Laureate 1978:
Interestingly, naturally occurring molecular evolution, i.e. the spontaneous generation of genetic variants
has been seen to follow exactly the same three strategies as those used in genetic engineering:
Arber, W. (2002) Roots, strategies and prospects of functional genomics. Current Science, 83, 7, pp 826-828 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mutations/Arber-Comparison-2002.pdf
Arber, W. (2002) Roots, strategies and prospects of functional genomics. Current Science, 83, 7, pp 826-828 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Mutations/Arber-Comparison-2002.pdf
Arber, Comparison
(a) small local changes in the nucleotide sequences,
(b) internal reshuffling of genomic DNA segments, and
(c) acquisition of usually rather small segments of DAN from another type of organism by horizontal gene transfer.
However, there is a principal difference between the procedures of genetic engineering and those serving in nature for biological evolution.
While the genetic engineer pre-reflects his alteration and verifies its results, nature places its genetic variations more randomly and largely independent of an identified goal.
Arber, However differences
van Bueren, E.T.L., Struik, P.C., Tiemens-Hulscher, M., & Jacobsen, E. (2003) Concepts of intrinsic value and integrity of plants in organic plant breeding and propagation. Crop Science, 43, 6, pp 1922-1929 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/van-Bueren-Organicbreeding.pdf
Intrinsic Value
Transgenesis has less impact on the transcriptome of wheat grain than conventional breeding
Batista, R., Saibo, N., Lourenco, T., & Oliveira, M.M. (2008)Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 9, pp 3640-3645
http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Genomics/Batista-Microarray-Analysis-2008.pdf
Batista, R., Saibo, N., Lourenco, T., & Oliveira, M.M. (2008)Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 9, pp 3640-3645 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Genomics/Batista-Microarray-Analysis-2008.pdf
Differences observed in gene expression in the endosperm between conventionally bred material were much larger in comparison to differences between transgenic and untransformed lines exhibiting the same complements of gluten subunits.
These results suggest that the presence of the transgenes did not significantly alter gene expression and that, at this level of investigation, transgenic plants could be considered substantially equivalent to untransformed parental lines.
Real Frankenfood
Real Frankenfood
Worldwide:
all pasta is made fromradiation mutateddurum wheatTriticum durum
Myth creators,Myth busters
Genetic Roulette Jeffrey Smith
Yogi Jeffrey Smith flies
Working on the Senate campaign of the Maharishi’s Natural Law Party in 1996, he publicly claimed there were 500 studies proving that yogic flying and transcendental meditation cut crime and increased IQ. He even demonstrated some flying himself, although he did little more than bump up and down on his undercarriage. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22844154-5000117,00.html
amateurish polemics collated by an ardent and long-time follower o the Maharishi cult
amateurish polemics collated by an ardent and long-time follower o the Maharishi cult Jeffrey Smith
Greenpeace soybean dust is unhealthy
Oral interpretation of the numbers: No of reported cases showing acute oral toxicity
Later exaggerated to No of deaths reported due to Bt toxicity in UNEP classes
Table as givenin GENOKBiosafety classas slidefrom Kuipers etal. 2001
Below in black:False informationreplacing legend
Manipulation of scientific tables of Kuiper at GENOK class on biosafety
Original table fromKuiper et. al. 2001With legend showingReference No. of paperDemonstrating no effect
The real table of Kuiper
Velimirov, A., Binter, C., Zentek, J., & Herzog, U. (2008) Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice, Report, Herausgeber, Medieninhaber und Hersteller: Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Familie und Jugend, Sektion IV Radetzkystraße 2, 1031 Wien. ISBN 978-3-902611-24-6 pp 109 Forschungsberichte der Sektion IV Band 3/2008 (Report)
http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Food/Velimirov-Austrian-Maize-Study-20081111.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Food/Velimirov-Austrian-Maize-Study-German-Abstract-20081111.pdf
Myhre, M.R., Fenton, K.A., Eggert, J., Nielsen, K.M., & Traavik, T. (2006)The 35s Camv Plant Virus Promoter Is Active in Human Enterocyte-Like Cells. European Food Research and Technology, 222, 1-2, pp 185-193 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/35S/Myhre-Cauliflower-Active-2006.pdf
Semi-holistic approach
A paper on the 35S promoters activities on animal cell cultures and not mentioning that we eat this promoter daily with our normal Food without ANY harm
Semiholistic approach assessing the risk of 35S promoter
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3. Methodological flaws3.1. Unusual high mortality of mice populations usedData analysis shows that the experiment suffers under an unusual high mortality of the mice used: Instead of the 1% mortality you can see a mortality of 8%. And, if you look closely in the tables, you can discover that the GM mice survived better than the
non-GM mice.
This means in fact, that the GM mice used in the Austrian experiment died 8 times more often than mice used for correct experimentation schemes.
Calculation and other errors
these data do not appear to support an effect on fertility or reproduction from consumption of GM corn.
for a full rebuttal see the website ASK-FORCE within the site PRRI Public Perception and Regulation Initiative www.pubresreg.org http://pubresreg.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=68
Comparison betweenOrganic agriculture andConventional management
Comparison of organic and non-organic agriculture
Brazil's Answer to Global Hunger Farm the Amazon.
Soaring grain prices are giving soy producers an edge over environmentalists
Mikulka, J. & Chodova, D. (2000) Long-Term Study on the Occurrence of Weeds Resistant to Herbicides in the Czech Republic. Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 107, pp 373-376
This formulation technology satisfies governmental regulations, so that new herbicide mixture offerings with diversemodes of action can be commercializedmore rapidly and less expensively. Together, homogeneous blends and multiple-herbicide-resistant crops can offer growers a wider choice of Herbicidemixtures at rates and ratios to augment glyphosate and satisfy changing weed management needs.
Green, J.M., Hazel, C.B., Forney, D.R., & Pugh, L.M. (2008)New multiple-herbicide crop resistance and formulation technology to augment the utility of glyphosate. Pest Management Science, 64, 4, pp 332-339 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/HerbizideTol/Green-New-Multiple-Herbicide-2008.pdf
http://earthtrends.wri.org/images/Glyphosate_resistant_weeds_number.jpg
http://www.monsanto.ca/_images/manage_chart_new.gif
http://www.weedscrc.org.au/glyphosate/images/glyphosate_graph.jpg
http://www.dowagro.com/usag/surestart/images/glyphosateresistantweeds_v2.jpg
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Reconciling traditional knowledge with modern agriculture, a basic paper in the IP handbook of Krattiger et al.
IFOAM advances basic views on organic farming, such as the following four principles:
1. Principle of health. Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.2. Principle of ecology. Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them, and help sustain them.3. Principle of fairness. Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.4. Principle of care. Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.
www.ifoam.org IFOAM rules of organic farming
Swiss rules for organic farming
• natural cycles and processes are respected the use of chemical – synthetic substances are
avoided • the use of GMOs is not allowed, nor their derivatives, exception: products for veterinary medicine • the products shall not be treated with radiation, and no products having undergone irradiation shall be used
Many more details can be seen on the official website of the Swiss office of environment, see link below.
http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c910_18.html
Swiss rules of organic farming
Watson, C.A., Atkinson, D., Gosling, P., Jackson, L.R., & Rayns, F.W. (2002)Managing Soil Fertility in Organic Farming Systems. Soil Use and Management, 18, s1 %R doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00265.x, pp 239-247 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00265.x AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Watson-Soil-2002.pdf
Soil fertility management in organic farming, a truly holistic approach
Fliessbach, A., Mader, P., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Stauffer, W., Fried, P., Pfiffner, L., Alföldi, T., & Niggli, U. (2000) Organic Farming Enhances Soil Fertility and Biodiversity, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture pp 16 Fibl Dossier 1, Frick, Switzerland (Report)http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/DOC_slim.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/DOC-slim-Slides.ppt
Fibl dossier, 21 years of field trial experience
Fliessbach, A., Mader, P., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Stauffer, W., Fried, P., Pfiffner, L., Alföldi, T., & Niggli, U. (2000) Organic Farming Enhances Soil Fertility and Biodiversity, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture pp 16 Fibl Dossier 1, Frick, Switzerland (Report)http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/DOC_slim.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/DOC-slim-Slides.ppt
Fibl dossier: field trial scheme
Fliessbach, A., Mader, P., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Stauffer, W., Fried, P., Pfiffner, L., Alföldi, T., & Niggli, U. (2000) Organic Farming Enhances Soil Fertility and Biodiversity, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture pp 16 Fibl Dossier 1, Frick, Switzerland (Report)http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/DOC_slim.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/DOC-slim-Slides.ppt
Fibl dossier: Microbial biomass
Fliessbach, A., Mader, P., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Stauffer, W., Fried, P., Pfiffner, L., Alföldi, T., & Niggli, U. (2000) Organic Farming Enhances Soil Fertility and Biodiversity, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture pp 16 Fibl Dossier 1, Frick, Switzerland (Report)http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/DOC_slim.pdf AND http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/DOC-slim-Slides.ppt
Fibl dossier: biomass earth worms
Mader, P., Fliessbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P., & Niggli, U. (2002)Organic Farming and Energy Efficiency. Science, 298, 5600, pp 1891-1891 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Maeder-Organicfarming-2002.pdf
Mader, P., Fliessbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P., & Niggli, U. (2002)Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming. Science, 296, 5573, pp 1694-1697 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Maeder-Science-2002-p1694.pdf
Biodynamic and conventional soil surface
On farm biodiversity, integrated crop management proposed by Baier Crop Science
Dollaker, A. (2006)Conserving Biodiversity Alongside Agricultural Profitability through Integrated R&D Approaches and Responsible Use of Crop Protection Products. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer, 59, 1, pp 117-134 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Dollaker-2006.pdf
Dollaker, A. & Rhodes, C. (2007)Integrating Crop Productivity and Biodiversity Conservation Pilot Initiatives Developed by Bayer Cropscience, in Weed Science in Time of Transition. Crop Science, 26, 3, pp 408-416 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Dollaker-2007.pdf
Pedersen, M.B., Axelsen, J.A., Strandberg, B., Jensen, J., & Attrill, M.J. (1999)The Impact of a Copper Gradient on a Microarthropod Field Community. Ecotoxicology, 8, 6, pp 467-483 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Pedersen-Copper-Impact-1999.pdf
Impact of copper gradient on microarthropods
Badgley, C., Moghtadera, J., Quineroa, E., Zadema, E., Chappella, M.J., Aviles-Vazqueza, K., Samulona, A., & Perfecto, I. (2007)Organic Agriculture and the Global Food Supply, (Including Rebuttals from Kenneth Cassman and Jim Hendrix). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, Published online by Cambridge University Press 04Jul2007 pp 86-108 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Badgley-Feed-World-2007.pdf AND separate rebuttal of Alex Avery from the Hudson Institute: http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Avery-Hudson-Institute-organic-rebuttal-2007a.pdf
Can organic agriculture feed the world?
"Organic Abundance" Report: Fatally Flawed: Alex Avery
Badgley claims that organic agriculture has the potential to contribute quite substantially to the global food supply” and said “organic methods could produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increasing the agricultural land base.”
This claim is simply not credible given the following internal fatal flaws:
1. Claiming yields from non-organic farming methods as organic;2. Comparing organic yields to non-representative non- organic yields;3. Double, triple, even quintuple counting of organic yields from the same few research projects;4. Omitting non-favorable crop yields while using favorable yields from the same studies;5. Misreporting yield results.
Avery, A. (2007)Electronic Source: "Organic Abundance" Report: Fatally Flawed (ed H. Institute), http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Organic/Avery-Hudson-Institute-organic-rebuttal-2007a.pdf
Critique of Badgley paper by Alex Avery
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Nutrition. No conclusive evidence shows that organic food is more nutritious than is conventionally grown food. And the USDA — even though it certifies organic food — doesn't claim that these products are safer or more nutritious. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/organic-food/NU00255
Nutrition: no difference between conventional and organic food according to USDA organic
Impact of GM crops on theEnvironment
Impact of GM crops on the environment
Comparison Bt- non-Bt maize for non-target insects: Soil dwelling organisms: non-target organisms not harmed by Bt crops, but threatened by pesticide spraying
Candolfi, M.P., Brown, K., Grimm, C., Reber, B., & Schmidli, H. (2004) A faunistic approach to assess potential side-effects of genetically modified Bt-corn on non-target arthropods under field conditions. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14, 2, pp 129-170 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Bt/Candolfi-Biocontrol-2004.pdf
Candolfi-Experiments in France on the impact of Bt-Maize on Non-target Insects 2004
Beneficial impact of Bt maize on soil dwelling insects. Pesticide impact on days 12, 28, 48 significanly negative, but not permanent over season
Beneficial impact of Bt-Maize on soil dwelling insects
Results of field release in Italy, left conventional, right transgenic insect-resistant maizehttp://www.agbioworld.org Data produced by the University of Milan, Italy
Suppressed positive field trial results for Bt maize in italy
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Results held back for Political reasons sinceMarch 7, 2006Data produced by theUniversity of Milan
Suppressed positive field trial results for Bt maize in Italy
Grenade (Haute-Garonne, France). left: Bt maize (MON810) variety PR33P67. right : non Bt variety PR33A46, with fungalinfection, source Karine Affaton, EuropaBio, fall 2007, Fotos K.Ammann
Grenade (Haute-Garonne, France). left: Bt maize (MON810) variety PR33P67. right : non Bt variety PR33A46 withperforations from pest insects, source Karine Affaton, EuropaBio, fall 2007, Fotos K. Ammann, from the report on Bt maize soon to be published
Incidence of mycotoxin contamination in control and Bt maize kernels in Spain (SP), France (F), Germany (G) and Italy in1999 printed from (Cahagnier & Melcion, 2000), (Valenta et al., 2001) and (Pietri et al., 2004). From (Aumaitre et al., 2002)
Onetrackminded view
Bauer de Jonghe in Holland, produziert Gemüse im Bio-Standard ohne PestizideFoto Claus Lange, Text Michael Miersch Weltwoche 06 2003
Farmer de Jonghe, produces in Holland exactly according to the organi rules
Old Order Amish Farmer in Lancaster, PenssylvaniaOld order Amish Farmers, they adopted partially transgenic crops
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