biotic diseases

Biotic Diseases

Fungal diseases

Powdery Scab of Potatoes

caused by Spongospora

subterranea

Causative organism : Spongospora subterranea

Symptoms

The disease causes severe

blemishes (2-20 mm diameter) on

the tuber. These blemishes contain

dark-colored spore balls.

Symptoms

Powdery scab is more prevalent in

cool, damp growing seasons.

The disease causes severe blemishes

that spread beneath the epidermis and

erupt when the tuber emerges.

In severe cases, the tubers are

malformed and covered with

unattractive secondary growths. Deep

cracks could appear.

Wart disease of potatoescaused by Synchytrium

endobioticum

Causative organism : Synchytrium endobioticum

Symptoms Tubers, stolons and occasionally leaf stalks affected, but not roots. Tubers may bear cauliflower-like tumors at the eyes or whole tuber may become shapeless warted mass. May progress in store even from minute warts not seen at lifting. Organism in soil, may remain infective for more than 30 years. Spread on implements and in dung from stock fed with infected tubers. More severe in wet seasons.

Club root of cruciferscaused by

Plasmodiophora brassica

Causative organism : Plasmodiophora brassica

Symptoms The first symptom usually observed is a wilting of the foliage especially on hot days. Wilting is the result of impaired root function which reduces the capacity of the plant to take up water. The diseased roots are also less able to absorb nutrients and so the foliage may appear yellowish and the plant may be stunted. Although these above-ground symptoms could be due to other causes, an abnormal enlargement of the roots is diagnostic for this disease. The fungus penetrates the roots directly or through wounds and induces the root cells to enlarge. The resulting enlarged roots appear spindle-shaped, knobby, spherical, or club-shaped. All roots including the underground stem may be affected .

White Rust of Cruciferscaused by Albugo candida

Causative organism: Albugo candida

Obligate parasite caused white rust disease.

Sporangia (conidia) constitutes the asexual stage. Fertilization is

achieved by club-shaped antheridia and single oospered

oogonium.

Symptoms The symptoms appear as shiny white postulations on the leaf and stem due to the formation of sori containing conidiophores.

Late Blight of Potatoes

caused by

Phytophthora infestans

Causative organism: Phytophthora infestans

Phytophthora infestans causes destructive disease of member solanaceae as potato and tomato known as late blight. The asexual units behave as conidia depending as environmental conditions. Sexual reproduction is achieved by oogonium and antheridia

Symptoms The disease strikes down plants like a hard frost in summer. It spreads so fast. It reduces the foliage to a putrid mass in a few days, and the tubers are affected to various degrees in a similar way, although they do not rot as rapidly. Wilting of young leaves are the first symptoms. Leaf margins begin to turn brown and entire leaves will die.

Peach leaf curl

caused by Taphrina deformans

Taphrina deformans (Exoascus) caused peach leaf curl.

It composed of septated hyphae consisting of binucleated cells

(dikaryotic hyphae) which bear terminal ascogenous cells

(chlamydospores). Each cell developed into single ascus with

no protective sheath (no peridium).

Causative organism : Taphrina deformans

Symptoms Taphrina deformans can infect leaves, fruits, and young twigs. Infected leaves become distorted, puckered, and thickened, initially with a distinct reddish or purple coloration. As infection progresses, affected leaves turn gray with a powdery appearance as a result of the production of fungal spores on the leaf surface. Shortly thereafter these leaves turn yellow or brown and drop. Fruit, which becomes infected, tends to drop shortly after infection occurs. Infected twigs are swollen and stunted, usually with deformed leaves at their tips.