blood chapter 12 your textbook has lots of great graphics, charts, tables, and diagrams for this...

BloodBloodChapter 12Chapter 12

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Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System a/k/a Circulatory Systema/k/a Circulatory System

HeartHeart• Pumps bloodPumps blood

BloodBlood• Fluid of systemFluid of system

Blood vesselsBlood vessels• Pathway of tubules for bloodPathway of tubules for blood

Functions of the Cardiovascular Functions of the Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Transports substances to and from Transports substances to and from bodybody• gases, nutrients, waste, hormonesgases, nutrients, waste, hormones

Regulation of body fluids, pH, Regulation of body fluids, pH, temperaturetemperature

ProtectionProtection• Clotting, interferon, antibodiesClotting, interferon, antibodies

Characteristics of bloodCharacteristics of blood

100 degrees F100 degrees F Alkaline (pH = 7.35-7.45)Alkaline (pH = 7.35-7.45) 5-6L (1.5 gallons)5-6L (1.5 gallons) 8% of body weight8% of body weight ComponentsComponents

• Plasma (55%)Plasma (55%)• Formed elements (45%)Formed elements (45%)

Blood plasmaBlood plasma

The “liquid” part of bloodThe “liquid” part of blood 91.5% water91.5% water 7% protein7% protein

• GlobulinGlobulin• AlbuminAlbumin• Fibrinogen Fibrinogen

1.5% other solutes1.5% other solutes• Antibodies, hormones, wasteAntibodies, hormones, waste

Formed ElementsFormed Elements

Red blood cells (RBC) = erythrocytesRed blood cells (RBC) = erythrocytes White blood cells (WBC) = White blood cells (WBC) = leukocytesleukocytes

• GranulocytesGranulocytes NeutrophilNeutrophil BasophilBasophil eosinophileosinophil

• AgranulocytesAgranulocytes MonocyteMonocyte lymphocytelymphocyte

Platelets = thrombocytesPlatelets = thrombocytes

HematocritHematocrit

Test performed to determine RBC Test performed to determine RBC count of total blood volumecount of total blood volume

Capillary tube is filled with bloodCapillary tube is filled with blood Blood is centrifuged Blood is centrifuged

• RBC fall to bottom (~45%)RBC fall to bottom (~45%)• Buffy coat in middle (<1%)Buffy coat in middle (<1%)

WBC & plateletsWBC & platelets

• Plasma on the top (~55%)Plasma on the top (~55%)

Buffy coatBuffy coat

Erythrocytes (RBC)Erythrocytes (RBC)

~5 million per uL (drop)~5 million per uL (drop) Biconcave disksBiconcave disks 8 uM (1/25,000 of an inch)8 uM (1/25,000 of an inch) When mature = no nucleusWhen mature = no nucleus Lifespan ~120 daysLifespan ~120 days Contain hemoglobin protein (made of iron) Contain hemoglobin protein (made of iron)

which acts as binding agent for oxygenwhich acts as binding agent for oxygen Hemopoiesis = making new blood cellsHemopoiesis = making new blood cells

• Occurs in red bone marrowOccurs in red bone marrow

DisordersDisorders

Erythema: reddening of the skinErythema: reddening of the skin• Allergic reactions, exercise, emotionsAllergic reactions, exercise, emotions

Cyanosis: bluing of the skin or nailsCyanosis: bluing of the skin or nails• Results from hypoxia or anoxiaResults from hypoxia or anoxia

Anemia: results from low RBC Anemia: results from low RBC numbers or lack of hemoglobinnumbers or lack of hemoglobin

Leukocytes (WBC)Leukocytes (WBC) 5,000-10,000 per uL (drop)5,000-10,000 per uL (drop) Have nucleus at maturityHave nucleus at maturity Live 3-5 daysLive 3-5 days Some are macrophages: capable of Some are macrophages: capable of

phagocytosis (engulfing & destroying) ; phagocytosis (engulfing & destroying) ; some produce antibodiessome produce antibodies

2 types (depending on stain)2 types (depending on stain)• Granular (end in –phil)Granular (end in –phil)• Agranular (end in –cyte)Agranular (end in –cyte)

Granular LeukocytesGranular Leukocytes NeutrophilNeutrophil

• Most abundant in blood Most abundant in blood • 2-5 nuclear lobes2-5 nuclear lobes• Stain Stain fine purple granules fine purple granules• Capable of phagocytosisCapable of phagocytosis

BasophilBasophil• 2 nuclear lobes2 nuclear lobes• Stain Stain large purple granules large purple granules• Activate during allergic responsesActivate during allergic responses• Secrete heparin (blood anticoagulant)Secrete heparin (blood anticoagulant)

EosinophilEosinophil• 2-3 nuclear lobes2-3 nuclear lobes• Stain Stain large, reddish granules large, reddish granules• Capable of phagocytosisCapable of phagocytosis• Activate during allergic reactionsActivate during allergic reactions

Agranular LeukocytesAgranular Leukocytes

LymphocytesLymphocytes• 2 types: T-cell & B-cell2 types: T-cell & B-cell• Large, round nucleusLarge, round nucleus• Stain Stain blue cytoplasm blue cytoplasm• Capable of phagocytosisCapable of phagocytosis• Elicits immune responseElicits immune response

MonocytesMonocytes• Kidney, or horseshoe shape, nucleusKidney, or horseshoe shape, nucleus• StainStain gray cytoplasm gray cytoplasm• Capable of phagocytosisCapable of phagocytosis

DisordersDisorders

Leukocytosis: high WBC countLeukocytosis: high WBC count• Results when body has infectionResults when body has infection• Usually temporary conditionUsually temporary condition

Leukopenia: low WBC countLeukopenia: low WBC count• Will adversely affect immunityWill adversely affect immunity

Leukemia: excessive production of Leukemia: excessive production of immature WBCimmature WBC

ThrombocytesThrombocytes

150,000-400,000 per uL (drop)150,000-400,000 per uL (drop) No nucleusNo nucleus Disc shapedDisc shaped Live 5-9 daysLive 5-9 days Will form plugs in small vesselsWill form plugs in small vessels Will emit clotting response in larger Will emit clotting response in larger

breaks (hemostasis)breaks (hemostasis)

Platelet Plug formationPlatelet Plug formation

1.1. Platelets become sticky and adherePlatelets become sticky and adhere

2.2. Extensions are projected to hold Extensions are projected to hold themselves togetherthemselves together

3.3. Agglutination (aggregation, Agglutination (aggregation, clumping, clotting) occurs to form a clumping, clotting) occurs to form a plugplug

*This will only be effective for breaks *This will only be effective for breaks in very small vessels.in very small vessels.

HemostasisHemostasis Purpose = clot, coagulate, agglutinate, clump Purpose = clot, coagulate, agglutinate, clump

blood in large, broken vesselsblood in large, broken vessels Prevents hemorrhagePrevents hemorrhage Requires proper vitamin KRequires proper vitamin K Series of chemical reactions that thicken bloodSeries of chemical reactions that thicken blood Steps:Steps:1.1. Prothrombinase is formed - it converts Prothrombinase is formed - it converts 2.2. prothrombin (in liver) to thrombin – it convertsprothrombin (in liver) to thrombin – it converts3.3. fibrinogen (in blood) to fibrinfibrinogen (in blood) to fibrin4.4. Fibrin is the clear, sticky gel that forms over Fibrin is the clear, sticky gel that forms over

wounds wounds scabs when exposed to air scabs when exposed to air

Clotting disordersClotting disorders

Thrombosis: formation of a thrombus (clot) Thrombosis: formation of a thrombus (clot) in an unbroken vessel; stationary = causes in an unbroken vessel; stationary = causes damage where formeddamage where formed

Embolism: formation of an embolus (clot) Embolism: formation of an embolus (clot) in an unbroken vessel; movable = may in an unbroken vessel; movable = may cause damage anywhere in bodycause damage anywhere in body

**Anticoagulants: clotting inhibitors**Anticoagulants: clotting inhibitors

Ex: heparin, coumadinEx: heparin, coumadin

Blood Groups

ABO groupABO group• 4 types: A, B, AB, O4 types: A, B, AB, O

Antigen (agglutinogen): protein found Antigen (agglutinogen): protein found on RBC membraneon RBC membrane

Antibody (agglutinin): protein found in Antibody (agglutinin): protein found in plasmaplasma

Rh factor: extra protein in plasma Rh factor: extra protein in plasma

(+ or -)(+ or -)*Antigen & antibodies oppose each other**Antigen & antibodies oppose each other*

Blood TypesBlood Types

AA BB ABAB OO

AntigenAntigen AA BB A&BA&B NoneNone

AntibodyAntibody Anti-BAnti-B Anti-AAnti-A NoneNoneAnti-A Anti-A

&&

Anti-BAnti-B

Type O is universal donor. Type AB is universal

recipient.

Other terminologyOther terminology

Serum: plasma without the clotting Serum: plasma without the clotting proteinsproteins

Transfusion: transfer of whole or Transfusion: transfer of whole or components of bloodcomponents of blood

Sickle cell disease (anemia): RBC has Sickle cell disease (anemia): RBC has abnormal hemoglobin which causes RBC abnormal hemoglobin which causes RBC to take on sickle shape to take on sickle shape poor oxygen poor oxygen transporttransport

Hemophilia: inherited deficiency of clotting Hemophilia: inherited deficiency of clotting factors factors free bleeding free bleeding

ABO Blood ReviewABO Blood Review

Blood Table ABlood Table A Blood Table BBlood Table B Blood Table CBlood Table C