brandy renfro 102 -127 research paper[3]
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Research Paper
Holocaust Overview
Brandy Renfro
Mr. Neuburger
English Comp 102-127
18 October 2012
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The Holocaust is one of the most horrific events in history. It is hard to believe humanity
could ethically allow systematically killing of approximately twelve million people. That one
leader named Adolf Hitler could lead so many people into so much hate and to become
murderers. The consequence of the event still haunts mankind today. Some believe that the
Holocaust did not even take place. In order to prevent this horrific event from reoccurring one
has to acknowledge all the events that led the Nazis rise to power.
Nazi rise to power
At the end of World War 1, Germany was not prepared for the aftermath. According to
A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust (TGH), German propaganda had not prepared for such a
huge defeat and the upper officials and politicians who were
responsible claimed Germany had been bamboozled by its
leftwing politicians, communists and Jews. Furthermore after the
Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, the Germans were
disarmed and forced to pay reparations to France and Britain for
their immense war costs, therefore leaving the German
Community in a state of poverty and growing resentment.
Meanwhile Adolf Hitler joined a small political party called The
German Workers Party. Hitler rapidly made it to the top of the leadership ranks due to his talent
in emotional and captivating speeches. Within two years Hitler changed the name of the party to
National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), and eventually had a following of 3,000
members. Hitler encouraged national pride, militarism a commitment to the Volk and racially
pure. Hitler condemned the Jews, exploiting antisemtitic feelings that had prevailed in Europe
Adolf Hitler shortly after his rise inpower. Source: www.azishistory.com
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for centuries. A year later after that in 1920 Hitler was the appointed the official leader also
known as the Fhrer (The Rise of the Nazi Party).
Nazis views on Jews
While Adolf Hitler was building his empire he was instilling anti-sematic beliefs into his
followers. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Hitler
released a book titled Mein Kampf (My Struggle) it contained details of what he considered
necessary removal of the Jews. Moreover a potent component of
political anti-Semitism was nationalism, whose adherents often
denounced Jews as disloyal citizens. Hitler described the need for
expansion of the German master race, and he explained his
beliefs why the Jews were a hindrance to his plan. Hitler believed
everything reverted back to genetics. Furthermore Hitler only
wanted the Germanic race as the master race and it that the
German race should remain pure in order for the Germans to one
day take over the world (Antisemitism).
Nuremberg Laws
In 1933 President Hindenburg gave Hitler the power needed to start acting out and
dictating to the German people the plans he had on getting the Jewish people out of Germany
and making the German race pure when he named Hitler Chancellor of Germany. According to
TGH, Hitler announced the Nuremberg laws in 1935, which contained over 120 ordnances; the
laws stripped the Jews of their civil rights as German Citizens and separated them from the
Germans legally, socially, and politically. Furthermore the law used ancestry to define race and
not religious beliefs. Many thousands of Germans who had not previously considered themselves
The Nazis used public displays tospread their ideas of race. This is of
the Nordic race. Source:
http://bit.ly/RyPhYM
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as Jews found themselves defined as nonAryans. Hitler
warned in a menacingly manner that if the law did not resolve the
problem, he will turn to the Nazi Part for a final Solution (The
Nazification of Germany).
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda had become a powerful weapon for shaping public
opinion and behaviors during World War 1. According to
USHMM the Nazi propagandists drew upon successful
techniques and strategies used by the Allies, Socialists,
Communists and Italian Fascist to advance their political
campaigns, win public support, and to wage war. Once in power,
the Nazis eliminated the marketplace of ideas through terror
and media manipulation a mobilized propaganda as a weapon to
unite the German people around a leader and to facilitate aggression, mass murder, and
genocide (Propaganda).
Power of Deception usingPropaganda
Source: http://bit.ly/T0T2s9
A Hitler youth teaching Nuremberglaws in school. Source:
http://bit.ly/SY2R9A
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The burning of the ceremonial hallat the Jewishcemetery in Grazduring Kristallnacht. Source:htt ://bit.l /Txk5t2
Kristallnacht
Following the Nuremberg Laws, the decided Jewish citizens were being gathered and
exiled from the German Reich, often leaving family members
disoriented or alone. According to USHMM, Herschel Grynszpan
in an act of retribution lashed out against the Nazi party and shot
the Ernst Vom Roth November 7th
, 1938. Within a two day time
span the Nazi party began its retribution known as the night of
broken glass, translated to Kristallnacht. The rioters destroyed
267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the
Sudetenland. SA and Hitler youth members across the country
shattered the shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish owned
commercial establishments, and looted their wares. Moreover USHMM explains that
kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist
antiesemitic policy. Due to the Germans civilians response their passivity of the violence
signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. This
was the start of the free of Jews by deportation of the Jewish population to the East known
as Jewish capture and placement into concentration camps or into the ghettos (Kristallnacht: A
Nationwide Pogrom, November 9-10, 1938).
Resistance
All though the Jews were the primary victims there were others groups that resisted the
oppression of the Nazis. The TCH states resistance against the Nazis planned or spontaneous,
armed or unarmed took many forms throughout WW11 and the Holocaust. For many, the
resistance was a struggle for physical existence. Some escaped through legal and illegal
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Jewish partisans, survivors of the Warsawghetto uprising, at a family camp in Wyszkow
forest
.Poland, 1944
Source: http://bit.ly/ZiYSqR
emigration. Others hid. Those that remained struggled to obtain lifes needs by smuggling food,
clothing and medicine to survive. Furthermore as the war continued the conditions worsened in
Europe for the Jews, but their resistance intensified. With
a growing awareness of the Final Solution the
resistance turned to forms of guerrilla warfare. The
partisans were relatively few in number, but they were
able to move within enemy territory and disrupt the Nazi
activity, by cutting telephone, telegraph, and electrical
lines and by destroying power stations. They also
destroyed transportation links by blowing up bridges, roads, and railway equipment; also they
would sabotage factories that produced materials for the Axis war effort. Moreover by April 19,
1943 was the beginning of an armed revolt by brave and a determined group of the Warsaw
ghetto dwellers. The Jewish Fighter Organization (ZOB) led the insurgency and they had fought
for a month, using the weapons smuggled into the ghetto. The retribution by the Nazis was that
they brought in tanks and machine guns, burning blocks of buildings, destroying the ghetto, and
ultimately killing the last 60,000 Warsaw Jewish ghetto residents (Resistance).
Wannsee ConferenceThe Final Solution
On January 20th
, 1942, fifteen high-ranking Nazi Party and German officials gathered at
the Villa in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee to discuss and coordinate of what they call the Final
Solution of the Jewish Question According to USHMM the Final Solution was the code name
for systematic, deliberate, physical annihilation of the European Jews. Heydrich convened the
Wannsee conference to (1) to inform and secure support from the government ministries and
other interested agencies relevant to the implementation of the Final Solution and (2) to
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disclose to the participants that Hitler himself had tasked
Heydrich and the RSHA with coordinating the operation. The
men at the table did not deliberate whether such a plan should be
taken, but instead discussed the implementation of a policy
decision that had already been made at the highest level of the
Nazi regime. Moreover the participates were already aware that
National Socialist regime were already engaging in mass murder
of the Jews and other civilians, some through Einsatzgruppen ,
police and other military units were slaughtering tens of thousands of Jews daily. Under this
provision there were approximately 11,000,000 Jews in Europe that would fall into the Final
Solution (Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution")
Selection: Selektion
Not long after the Wannsee Conference the transportation of the Jews from the Ghettos to
the concentration camps and killing centers was put in place at a rapid pace . The Nazis started
liquidating the ghettos by using their organized train system to transport the Jews. The Jews
would be overly stuffed into cattle cars and forced to
endure hundreds of miles without food and water, not
knowing the final destination and their fate. The
Holocaust Explained states that the selection process was,
once the Jews were unloaded they were separated into
male and female lines. The SS doctors carried out this
selection. Usually, those over the age of 14 and deemed
fit forwork was sent to one side of the unloading ramp,
The VillaSource: http://bit.ly/X16wI7
Jews from Subcarpathian Rus sit in a largegroup on one side of the ramp at Auschwitz-
Birkenau before undergoing the selectionprocess. Source: http://bit.ly/SREnMY
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the rest were sent to the other side. The elderly and children were sent directly to the line of
prisoners who were selected for the gas chambers. Furthermore the Jews that were selected for
work they would be registered and tattooed with an identification number, stripped of their
clothes, shaved of all body hair and disinfected. Once showered, they were given the horrid
striped pajamas, to begin their lives in the work camps. (Selection)
Extermination methods
The Nazis tried several methods before they went to their method of choice which was
gassing known as Zyklon B for mass murdering. According to USHMM the first of the methods
for the Nazis to use was the German mobile killing squads, a
special duty unit called Einsatzgruppen, they followed the
German army as it advances deep into Soviet territory, and carry
out mass-murders. By spring of 1943, they mobile killing squads
killed more than a million Jews and tens of thousands partisans,
Roma (Gypsies), and Soviet political officials. The other
inefficient method was gas vans, it was determined that it had
adverse effects on the soldiers and with a great number of bodies
they had to dispose of it added more of a workload. Moreover
after the Final Solution was put in place there were six extermination camps established in
former Polish territory: Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau and
Majdanek. There were about three million Jews killed in these death camps. (The Final Solution)
Liberation
June, 1944 brought about a wonderful change stop the oppression of the Nazis in power.
According to USHMM on June 6th, the western Allies launched the single largest invasion in
Hartheim castle, a euthanasia killingcenter where people with physicaland mental disabilities were killed
by gassing and lethal injection.Hartheim, Austria
Source: http://bit.ly/TWVUGt
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world history, landing about 150,000 soldiers under the command of U.S. General Dwight D.
Eisenhower. By the end of that month, more than 850,000
American, British, and Canadian troops had come ashore of the
beaches of Normandy, France. Eisenhower called it the Great
Crusade the destruction ofthe German war machine, the
elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed people of Europe,
and security for ourselves in a free world. Furthermore as the
Allied and Soviet troops moved across Europe they were able to
witness the destruction that the Nazis had tried to cover up, by
locating several concentration camps, running into mass graves
sites. The Soviet troops liberated Auschwitz concentration camp some 7,000 prisoners, including
young children, who had not been evacuated by the SS. Even though liberation of Nazi camps
was not the primary objective of the Allied military campaign, U.S, British, Canadian, and
Soviet troops freed prisoners, fed them and were able to secure most needed medical attention.
However, before the liberation of Auschwitz, the remaining Nazi soldiers forced the majority of
its prisoners on death marches. They were forced to march for miles upon miles and many
died just days before the liberation (Liberation).
After Liberationuntil 1948 when Israel is formed
After the liberation of the Jews from the concentration camps there were issues to
resolve. According to the TGH, there were two large and on-going international needs that
emerged as World War 11 was ending: (1) retribution for perpetrators, and (2) the re-settlement
of people uprooted by the war. Furthermore there were International and national trails
conducted in the Soviet Union, Germany, Austria, Italy, France and other Europeans countries
U.S. assault troops, laden withequipment, wadethrough the surfto a Normandy beach from landing
craft in June 1944Source: http://bit.ly/PQA86F
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indicted hundreds of war criminals. The defendants ranged from Hitlers deputy minister, to the
editor-in-chief of a malicious antisemitic newspaper, to
concentration camp guards and the members of the
Einsatzgruppen. The Allied troops were so outraged at
what they found at concentration camps that they
demanded German civilians to directly confront the
atrocities. Some Germans citizens were forced to partake
in the burial of many corpses that were found in the
camps. Furthermore after the war, the International
Military Tribunal was chartered, it members consisted of the United States, Great Britain, France
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and they were charged with the task of prosecuting
the major Nazi war criminals. Moreover in Nuremberg there were 22 high ranking Nazi officials
named and brought to trail before the world. Robert Jackson was the Chief Prosecutor for the
United States at the Nuremberg Trials. Half the defendants were sentenced to death, three were
acquitted, and the remaining was imprisoned. Hitler himself had committed suicide therefore
escaping retribution and justice. Meanwhile there were one million displaced people, about
80 % Christian and 20% Jewish. Many of the survivors were displaced and they felt they could
no longer live in their former villages which during the war had become Jewish graveyards.
Many of the Jewish refugees turned to the American DP camps for temporary housing. In the
meantime the British turned to the United Nations, hoping they could resolve the issue, On
November 29, 1794, the United Nations general Assembly adopted a plan that divided Palestine
into an Arab state and a Jewish state with Jerusalem under international control. TGH later states
An American soldier and liberated prisoners ofthe Mauthausen concentration camp. Austria,
May 1945. Source: http://bit.ly/RQnOmX
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that on May 14, 1948, the Jews proclaimed the independent State of Israel as theirs and then the
British had withdrawn from Palestine (Aftermath).
With the laws that have been put in place and with continued education of this horrific
event. It is hopeful that humanity has learned and evolved, that there is more empathy in
mankind due to how diversity is being celebrated and accepted in most cultures.
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Works Cited
"Aftermath." The Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. The Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. Web.
06 Nov. 2012.
"Antisemitism." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum. Web. 30 Oct. 2012.
"The "Final Solution"" United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum. Web. 05 Nov. 2012.
"Holocaust History." The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum. Web. 23 Oct. 2012.
"Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 9-10, 1938." United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 03 Nov. 2012.
"Liberation." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum. Web. 02 Nov. 2012.
"The Nazification of Germany."A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. A Teacher's Guide to the
Holocaust. Web. 02 Nov. 2012.
"Propaganda." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum. Web. 04 Nov. 2012.
"Resistance."A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. Web. 29
Oct. 2012.
"The Rise of the Nazi Party."A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. A Teacher's Guide to the
Holocaust. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.
"Selection." The Holocaust Explained. The Holocaust Explained. Web. 03 Nov. 2012.
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"Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution"" United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 31 Oct. 2012.
Brandy,
This is a pretty decent paper. Other than numerous typos and the one place where you need to
put into your own words, your paper is done quite well. You organize your writing quite well.
Work on comma usage. For example, those signal words like furthermore and more over should
always be followed by a comma. Good work. See below for score.
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Points Available
Score
40Content paper demonstrates understanding and confidence
about topic35
20 Sources uses only primary and secondary sources 20
40In-Text Citations integrates sources within text with effective
use of signal words and phrases32
35 Formatting properly uses MLA formatting 33
25Works Cited works cited page has the required number of
sources and is properly formatted25
15Pictures uses pictures to enhance the text with effective
captions and source information15
25Writing Mechanics Paper is free from errors in spelling,
punctuation, etc.18
Total = 200
Total Score
178
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