brief details of vertebrata class 9
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Vertebrata
These animals have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton, allowing a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.
Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented, with compllex diffrention of body tissue and organs. All chordates posses the following features:
Vertebrata Continued....
(i) Have a notochord(ii) Have a dorsal nerve cord(iii)Are triploblastic(iv) Have paired gill pouches(v) Vertebrates are grouped into five classes:- which we will see them in the slides.
Jawless Fishes = Agnathans
No true teeth/jawSkeleton made of fibers/cartilageCartilage-strong supporting tissue (softer/more
flexible than bone)Lack true vertebrae (keep notochord as adults)ONLY VERTEBRATE PARASITES!2 groups: Lampreys and Hagfishes
Cartilaginous Fishes= Chondrichthyes
Sharks, Rays, SkatesCartilage skeleton (no bone)Sharks have thousands of teeth in rowsSkates and Rays glide with wing-like
pectoral fins (bottom-dwelling)
CARTILAGINOUS FISH
850 Species of Sharks, Rays, & Skates
Skeleton is made of cartilage. S-shaped swimming/rigid fins.
External Gill slits. Store oils & constant
motion to stay afloat. Scales are small bony
plates (at one time used as sandpaper).
RAYS & SKATES
Flattened body for a bottom-dwelling niche
Spiracles & eyes on the dorsal side.
Mouth, nostrils & gill slits on ventral side.
Stingrays have a hollow barb.
Manta ray grows to 18’.
SHARKS
Close to 300 species. Largest fish in the world-
Whale Shark. Can smell 1drop/blood
In 1 million parts/water. Lateral line detect vibrations
in the water Ampullae of Lorenzini
Sense changes in electrical field.
Bony Fishes = Osteichthyes
Bone skeleton (hard, calcified tissue)Ray-Finned Fishes-fins formed from bony
spines covered by thin layers of skin (largest group)
Lobe-Finned Fishes-fleshy fins with bones (some jointed like arms/legs)…ex. Lungfish & Coelacanth
Fish
Anal fin
Eye
Mouth
Dorsal fin
Caudal fin
Operculum (gill cover) Pelvic fin Pectoral fin
Lateral line
Scales
Feeding
Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and detritivores
Digestive tract: mouthesophagusstomachpyloric cecaintestineanus (solid waste)
Enzymes added by liver and pancreas
Respiration
Gills on sides of pharynx to exchange gases
Gill Filaments-feathery structures with capillaries for gas exchange
Gill Rakers-prevents prey from escaping through gills
Gill Arches-support and protect gills
Operculum-protective bony cover over gill openings
Fish Heart
Sinus Venosus-sac that collects oxygen poor blood from veins; sends blood toAtrium-large muscular chamber; sends it toVentricle-large muscular chamber that pumps blood; sends it toBulbus Arteriosus-muscular tube that connects toAorta-large blood vessel that sends blood to gills
Excretion
Eliminate nitrogenous waste as ammonia (urine)
Kidneys filter waste from blood
Diffusion through gillsKidney
Brain
• Well-developed nervous system with brain• Eyes with color vision• Taste/Smell• Lateral Line System- detect currents/vibrations in water (sense
nearby fishes)
Response/Nervous System
Movement continued…
Contract paired sets of muscles
Fins propel
Dorsal/Ventral fins for stability (Dorsal/Anal)
Paired fins for fine movements/turning (Pectoral/Pelvic)
Caudal fin for speed
CharacteristicsStrong bony skeletonWell developed lungsMost have 2 pairs of legsLegs are thickToes with clawsExcretory system designed to
conserve water
Characteristics Cont’d
Color changeDominant sense – sightUric acid – primary excretory product4 chambered heartSex determination
- high temp – males
- low temp - females
Order Testudines
Turtles225 speciesBeak rather than teethEat plants and animalsMost are highly endangeredLeatherback up to 9 quintel and 1
ton.
Order SquamataSuborder Sauria
LizardsEat plants and animalsKomodo Dragon – up to 10 ft longMarine Iguanas – feed on algae
Order SquamataSuborder SerpentesSnakesNo limbsStrong flexible bodiesOviparous or ovoviviparousWell developed sense of taste and
smell
Snake FeedingJacobson’s organs – olfactory
pouches used to track prey and find females
Pit organs – detect heatSwallow prey wholeUpper and lower jaws can move
independentlyPosteriorly pointing teeth
Snake VenomHemotoxins
- destroy red blood cells and
cause internal bleeding
- vipersNeurotoxins
– paralyze nerve cells, respiratory
paralysis
- Cobras, coral snakes, and sea
snakes
Feathers
Composed mainly of keratin
Down feathers - soft, fluffy feathers providing insulation.
Filoplumes - thin, hair-like feathers.
Contour feathers - shape and color the body.
Flight feathers - specialized contour feathers on wings and tail that provide lift.
Skeleton
Light bones
Air sacs – greatly increase lung’s ability to take in oxygen.
Forelimbs function as wings, not for grasping
Types of feet based on type of food and environment.
Cardiovascular System
Body temperature is internally regulated (endothermic)
Heart is 4-chambered High metabolism - provides the large amount of
energy needed for flight. Rapid heartbeat - moves large amount of blood
through the body for gas exchange.
Penguins
Heavier bones and layers of fat.
Most highly adapted to life in the sea
Preyed upon by leopard seals & killer whales
Amphibian Characteristics
1st true tetrapod vertebrates
Bony skeletons with four limbs
Exceptions: Caecilians (limbless) and Sirens (forelimbs only)
Many w/webbed feet
Thin moist skin; no scales
Breathe w/ lungs (Internal, bag-like organ that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air and blood)
Exception: Lungless salamanders
Larvae- gills
Cutaneous respiration- “Skin breathing”
Supplement oxygen intake w/ moist skin
Limited by body size
Amphibian Characteristics
Partially divided heart: Atrium separated into left and right sides by septum,
ventricle is not
Right side sends oxygen-poor blood to lungs
Left side send oxygen-rich blood to organs
Class Amphibia
Order Anura- Frogs and toads
Order Urodela (Caudata) – Salamanders, sirens, newts, waterdogs, mudpuppies
Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)- Caecilians
Order Anura- Frogs and Toads
Anura- without a tail
Adult carnivores
Skin with mucus and some with poison glands
Sticky tongue, hinged at the front, attaches to prey
Vomerine teeth- two small nobs help hold in prey
Hind legs adapted for jumping
Frogs are smooth w/ longer legs
Toads are rough w/shorter legs
Most frogs depend on water for life cycle Females lay eggs in water
Males fertilize them
Larvae are tadpoles
Gills
Feed on algae
Incomplete metamorphosis
Develop into adult frogs
Rate depends on species and food
Frog Characteristics
Tympanic membrane- thin membrane that detects vibration (eardrum)
Eustachian tubes- equalize pressure on eardrums
Skin has mucus glands
Mucus is poisonous or foul tasting in most
Nictitating membrane- transparent eyelid
Two teeth in roof of mouth
Swallow food whole
Cloaca- Chamber opening to outside of body
Serves as exit for wastes and gametes
- Oviduct- carries eggs to cloaca
- Vocal Sacs- Expandable membranes that collect air after passing over vocal cords for louder croaking
Order Urodela (Caudata- with a tail)
369 species of salamanders, newts, sirens, amphiuma, waterdogs, and mudpuppies
Elongated bodies w/long tails
Smooth, moist skin; Require moisture
External fertilization in water or moist area
Internal fertilization- females insert sperm packet into cloaca
Larvae gilled, carnivorous, smaller version of adult
Some retain gills as adults (neoteny- never lose larval characteristics)
Salamanders
Order Caudata- Sirens
Aquatic salamanders
Have only front extremities
Maintain gills throughout life
Some can vocalize
Most likely external fertilization
Order Apoda- Caecilians
Apoda- without legs
Tropical, burrowing amphibians
Small, bony scales embedded in skin
Legless
Carnivorous
Male deposits sperm directly into female
Females may have live young or lay eggs
Class Mammalia
Hair
Mammary glands
Sweat glands
Two sets of teeth
Different shapes and functions of teeth
75
Class Mammalia
Moveable eyelids Two occipital condyles Three ear bones Muscular diaphragm Placenta
Except two groups
Endothermic Four chambered heart
76
Pelycosaurs
Synapsid reptiles from Pennsylvanian and Permian 300-245 MYA
Body close to ground
Legs away from body
Canine like teeth
77
Therapsids
Body raised off the ground
Limbs more under the body
Teeth differentiated into 3 types
Secondary palate developing
78
Cynodonts
Lumbar ribs reduced or absent
Well developed secondary palate
Lower jaw reduced to one bone
79
Whales
Blue whale
100 feet long, 120 tons
9 story building
Loudest animal– 188 dB
Sound travels 100’s of miles 93
Blue Whale
Baleen whale
Eats krill Tiny crustaceans
400 pounds/day
Heart weighs 1000 pounds Size of a Volkswagen
Endangered species
95
Marsupials
Pouched mammals
Birth to tiny embryo
Embryo attaches to mother’s nipple to complete development
102
Placental Mammals
Placenta nourishes embryo
Long gestation period 22 months for elephant
Most successful group of mammals
103
Placental Mammals
Competitive advantage over monotremes and marsupials Better nutrition from
placenta
Less vulnerable to predators
More advanced at birth
104
Order Primates
Opposable thumb
Binocular vision
Fingernails usually
Mammary glands reduced to one thoracic pair
112
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