broadleaf dock: identification and management in...
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Broadleaf dock: Identification and Management in Blueberry and Raspberry
Wiharti Oktaria Purba, Lisa Wasko DeVetter, Chris Benedict, Ian C. Burke, Timothy MillerWashington State University
Lynden, November 30th 2017
April May June July August March April
Broadleaf dock biology in the Pacific Northwest
Introduction : Biology
Glimpse of Rumex obtusifolius research
Location : BelgiumDistribution : WidespreadLast reported : Not recordedOrigin : NativeFirst Reported : Not recordedInvasiveness : InvasiveReference : Holm et al. (1979)Source: CABI
Location : JapanDistribution : WidespreadLast reported : Not recordedOrigin : IntroducedFirst Reported : Not recordedInvasiveness : InvasiveReference : Nishida (2002)Source: CABI
Location : United StatesDistribution : WidespreadLast reported : Not recordedOrigin : IntroducedFirst Reported : Not recordedInvasiveness : InvasiveReference : Holm et al. (1979)Source: CABI
Location : MexicoDistribution : WidespreadLast reported : Not recordedOrigin : IntroducedFirst Reported : Not recordedInvasiveness : InvasiveReference : Holm et al. (1979)Source: CABI
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/48064
Found across US and most of the western states; except Nevada, Wyoming, and North Dakota.
Rumex obtusifolius L. is a native species of Britain and Western Europe
Introduction : Distribution
Found across US and most of the western states; except Nevada, Wyoming, and North Dakota.
Rumex obtusifolius L. is a native species of Britain and Western Europe
Broadleaf/ Bitter Dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
American Golden Dock (Rumex maritimus)
©Ryan Batten
Willow dock (Rumexsalicifolius) @Barry Breckling
Curly Dock (Rumex crispus) ©Zoya Akulova (left) ©Joseph Dougherty (right)
Winged dock (Rumex venosusPursh.) ©Robert L. Carr .
Western dock (R. aquaticus) ©Mark J. Darice
Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff (left)
©Theodore Webster (right)
Introduction : Species
Highly competitive species
Potential host for insect
Hard to control
Efficacy of herbicides commonly used in berry production specifically for controlling broadleaf dock has not been reported.
Photo credit: Dr. Jerry Weiland (USDA ARS)
Introduction : Problems
Zaller 2004,Cavers and Harper 1964; Holm et al. 1977
High fecundity and longevity of seeds.
Rumex species show considerable ability to re-grow from vegetative fragments left in the soil after cultivation or cutting (Pino et al., 1995, Hardlickova et al., 2011, Gilgen and Feller., 2013)
Introduction : Biology
A successful broadleaf dock management strategy must account for seed germination
Management
Delay flowering; early shoot removal
Remove the top 4 inches of root collar organ with regenerative capacity
Chemical control in berry production
Common name Trade name PRE/POST WSSA group Mode of actionHalosulfuron Sandea® PRE/POST 2 ALS inhibitorRimsulfuron Matrix® PRE/POST 2 ALS inhibitorPronamide Kerb® PRE 3 Microtubule assembly inhibitorOryzalin Surflan® A.S. PRE 3 Microtubule assembly inhibitorClopyralid Stinger® PRE/POST 4 Synthetic auxinSimazine Simazine PRE/POST 5 Photosystem II inhibitor (site A)Terbacil Sinbar® PRE/POST 5 Photosystem II inhibitor (site A)Hexazinone Velpar® PRE/POST 5 Photosystem II inhibitor (site A)Diuron Karmex® PRE/POST 7 Photosystem II inhibitor (site B)Glyphosate Touchdown Total® POST 9 EPSPS inhibitorNorflurazon Solicam® PRE 12 Pigment inhibitor; PDS inhibitorFlumioxazin Chateau® PRE/POST 14 PPO inhibitorSulfentrazone Zeus® PRE/POST 14 PPO inhibitorNapropamide Devrinol® PRE 15 Very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitorS-metolachlor Dual Magnum® PRE 15 Very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitorDichlobenil Casoron® PRE/POST 20 Cell wall synthesis inhibitor (site A)Isoxaben Gallery® PRE 21 Cell wall synthesis inhibitor (site B)Mesotrione Callisto® PRE/POST 27 Pigment inhibitor; HPPDS inhibitor
Table 1. Herbicides and rates of application for the spring and fall herbicides trials.
Management
Research objectives
Herbicide effects on seed germinability of Broadleaf dock
To determine optimal germination conditions to use for PNW broadleaf dock seed
To assess whether herbicides applied to bolting broadleaf dock reduced the germination percentage of seeds produced by surviving plants
Herbicide effects on growth of Broadleaf dock
To test the efficacy of several herbicides to control established broadleaf dock
To determine the optimal timing of applications to control the weed in PNW blueberry and raspberry
Herbicides approved in blueberry production
RCBD with 4 replicates
Plot sized 2.4 by 9.1m
Application with CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a five-nozzle boom delivering 278 L ha-1 (29.7 gal ac-1) at 255 kPa (37 psi).
Herbicides and rates of application for the spring and fall herbicides trials.
Materials & Methods : Herbicide effects on growth
Trade name Active ingredient Rate (product/ a) Timinga
Stinger® Clopyralid 0.33 pt/a spring, fallCasoron® 4G Dichlobenil 150 lb/a spring, fall
Karmex® 80 DF Diuron 3 lb/a spring, fall
Chateau® 51WG Flumioxazin 12 oz/a spring, fallTouchdown Total® Glyphosate 3.2 qt/a spring, fall
Sandea® 75WG Halosulfuron 0.75 oz/a spring, fall
Gallery® 75 DF Isoxaben 1.33 lb/a spring, fallCallisto® 4SC Mesotrione 6 fl oz/a spring, fall
Devrinol® DF-XT Napropamide 8 lb/a spring, fall
Surflan® A.S. Oryzalin 6 qt/a spring, fallKerb® 50W Pronamide 4 lb/a spring, fallMatrix® 25SG Rimsulfuron 4 oz/a spring, fallSimazine Simazine 4 lb/a spring, fallDual Magnum® S-metolachlor 1.33 pt/a spring, fallZeus® Sulfentrazone 12 fl oz/a spring, fallSinbar® WDG Terbacil 3 lb/a spring, fallVelpar® 75DF Hexazinone 2.6 lb/a fallSolicam® 78.6 WG Norflurazon 5 lb/a fall
Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Spring treatment
Herbicide Percent injury (%)2 WAT 4 WAT
Clopyralid 0 c 0 dDichlobenil 11 c 11 dDiuron 38 b 44 bFlumioxazin 0 c 0 dGlyphosate 73 a 99 aHalosulfuron 0 c 0 dIsoxaben 1 c 6 dMesotrione 0 c 0 dNapropamide 0 c 0 dOryzalin 0 c 0 dPronamide 0 c 0 dRimsulfuron 0 c 0 dSimazine 0 c 0 dS-metolachlor 0 c 0 dSulfentrazone 0 c 0 dTerbacil 28 b 31 cNontreated check 0 c 0 d
A
B
CPlants were treated May 23, 2016 and photos were taken June 24, 2016 (4 WAT).
Percent injury of broadleaf dock at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) in spring trial
Herbicide Biomass (g/m2)
1 Clopyralid 349 abcd
2 Dichlobenil 206 de
3 Diuron 187 de
4 Flumioxazin 468 abc
5 Glyphosate 34 e
6 Halosulfuron 334 bcd
7 Isoxaben 341 abcd
8 Mesotrione 232 cde
9 Napropamide 359 abcd
10 Oryzalin 389 abcd
11 Pronamide 487 ab
12 Rimsulfuron 580 ab
13 Simazine 477 abc
14 S-metolachlor 498 ab
15 Sulfentrazone 461 abc
16 Terbacil 68 e
17 Nontreated 588 a
Plants were treated May 23, 2016 and biomass was sampled July 26, 2016 (8 WAT).
Biomass of broadleaf dock after spring treatment (8WAT)
Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Spring treatment 2016
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00
NontreatedSinbar® WDG
Zeus®Dual Magnum®
SimazineMatrix® 25SG
Kerb® 50WSurflan® A.S.
Devrinol® DF-XTCallisto® 4SC
Gallery® 75 DFSandea® 75WG
Touchdown Total®Chateau® 51WGKarmex® 80 DF
Casoron® 4GStinger®
Biomass (g/m2)
Her
bici
de
Herbicide Biomass (g/m2)
1 Clopyralid 366.3
2 Dichlobenil 221.8
3 Diuron 199.3
4 Flumioxazin 337.3
5 Glyphosate 0
6 Halosulfuron 357.8
7 Isoxaben 401.8
8 Mesotrione 238.8
9 Napropamide 531.4
10 Oryzalin 643.3
11 Pronamide 578.3
12 Rimsulfuron 635.3
13 Simazine 441.8
14 S-metolachlor 601.8
15 Sulfentrazone 156.3
16 Terbacil 0
17 Nontreated 473.8
Plants were treated May 31, 2017 and biomass was sampled July 28, 2017 (8 WAT).
Biomass of broadleaf dock after spring treatment (8WAT)
Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Spring treatment 2017
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
NontreatedSinbar® WDG
Zeus®Dual Magnum®
SimazineMatrix® 25SG
Kerb® 50WSurflan® A.S.
Devrinol® DF-XTCallisto® 4SC
Gallery® 75 DFSandea® 75WG
Touchdown Total®Chateau® 51WGKarmex® 80 DF
Casoron® 4GStinger®
Biomass (g/m2)
Her
bici
de
Treatment Percent injury (%)3 WAT 6 MAT
Clopyralid 0 d 0 dDichlobenil 8 b 86 aDiuron 0 d 0 dFlumioxazin 3 cd 0 dGlyphosate 20 a 55 bHalosulfuron 0 d 0 dHexazinone 0 d 0 dIsoxaben 0 d 0 dMesotrione 0 d 0 dNapropamide 0 d 0 dNorflurazon 5 bc 6 cOryzalin 0 d 0 dPronamide 1 d 88 aRimsulfuron 0 d 0 dSimazine 1 d 0 dS-metolachlor 0 d 0 dSulfentrazone 3 cd 0 dTerbacil 0 d 0 dNontreated check 0 d 0 d
Percent injury of broadleaf dock at 3 weeks after treatment (WAT) and 6 months after treatment (MAT) in the fall.
Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Fall treatment
A
B
C D
Plots treated with glyphosate (A), nontreated (B), pronamide (C), and dichlobenil (D) on April 23, 2017 (6 MAT)
Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Fall treatment
Materials & Methods : Herbicide effects on germinability
Petri dish germination testing• moistened paper substrate (blue blotter)• 24 hours light, 3-4 weeks, daily observation• Non-treated: 15oC - 20oC – 25oC59oF - 68oF - 77oF• Herbicide effect: 20oC/ 68oF
Herbicide effects on seed germinability
0 5 10 15 20
Ger
min
ated
see
ds
Days
15C 20C 25C
Percent germination of broadleaf dock seeds at three different temperatures.
Application of preemergence herbicides would be best applied prior to temperatures exceeding 20oC/ 68oF
Herbicide1 Clopyralid2 Dichlobenil3 Diuron4 Flumioxazin5 Glyphosate6 Halosulfuron7 Isoxaben8 Mesotrione9 Napropamide10 Oryzalin11 Pronamide12 Rimsulfuron13 Simazine14 S-metolachlor15 Sulfentrazone16 Terbacil17 Nontreated
Herbicides were applied to bolting broadleaf dock on May 23, 2016, with seed from surviving plants collected on October 9, 2016. Seeds were germinated at 20oC (24-hour illumination) for 3 weeks. Data are from two germination tests conducted in January and March, 2017.
Results :Herbicide effects on seed germinability
Percent germination of seeds from broadleaf dock plants surviving treatment with several herbicides
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Perc
ent g
erm
inat
ion
(%)
Herbicide active ingredient (code)
Dormant-season application of Pronamide or Dichlobenil
Spring application of Terbacil or Diuron to blueberry or raspberry
Spot treatment of surviving broadleaf dock plants with Glyphosate or Glyphosate + Clopyralid(blueberry only)Apply
preemergenceproducts
01 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 120302January to December
01 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 120302January to December
Glyphosate
• BLUEBERRY
During site preparation: Applied at least 10 days before planting the crop
New planting: Avoid the contact of glyphosate with green foliage or sucker of the crop
Established planting: The directed or shielded spray in or between berry rows are more recommended!
• RASPBERRY
Recommended to be used only during site preparation! OR
In new planting and non-bearing crops by avoiding the green foliage or sucker of the crop
Terbacil
BLUEBERRY
Evaluate injury potential first!
One application per year, only to dormant blueberry in the fall or to established plant in spring
Terbacil rate for highbush is higher than for lowbush.
Do not apply on gravelly soils or soils with less than 1% organic matter
Terbacil
RASPBERRY
Terbacil at 3 lb/a should not be applied for raspberry!
Terbacil application in raspberry is limited from 0.8 to 1.6 lb ai/A (1 to 2 lb/A Sinbar) which is about half of blueberry; 1.6 to 2.4 lb ai/A (2 to 3 lb/A Sinbar).
Only for established raspberry, at least 1 year after planting.
Application should be directed below the canes, either fall or early spring before bearing fruit
Areas at which roots are exposed should be avoided!
Do not apply on gravelly soils or soils with less than 1% organic matter
Pronamide
In blueberry and raspberry, pronamide applications are suggested to be made to nonfrozen soil in fall or early winter when air temperatures are below 59o F and enough irrigation or rainfall is expected to incorporate the herbicide (Dutt and Harvey 1980; DeFrancesco 2016)
The maximum rate of pronamide is 3 lbs ai/A (6 lb/A) for raspberry and 2 lb ai/A (4 lb/A) for blueberry, the rate used in this trial (2 lb ai/A ) can be applied to either crop.
Dichlobenil
Applications are recommended only for plants established at least one year.
The rate of granular dichlobenil applied to raspberry should not exceed 4 lb ai/A while the use rate in blueberry is 4 to 6 lb ai/A. The liquid formulation of dichlobenil may be used at 1.96 to 3.92 lb ai/A in either crop.
Dormant-season application of Pronamide or Dichlobenil
Spring application of Terbacil or Diuron to blueberry or raspberry
Spot treatment of surviving broadleaf dock plants with Glyphosate or Glyphosate + Clopyralid(blueberry only)Apply
preemergenceproducts
01 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 120302January to December
01 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 120302January to December
Thank youTerima kasih
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